Zigbee的能源管理系统
Zigbee的能源管理系统
H.Y.Tung,K.F.Tsang和K.L.Lam
电子工程系,香港城市大学
中国香港特别行政区
hytung@student.cityu.edu.hk,eeIIIIII00I.V@cityu.edu.hk,kalunlam@student.cityu.edu.hk
简介
在过去的几年里,许多科学家已经警告我们全球变暖带来的严重灾难.香港当地科学家警告说,香港将在IIII年之后不会有冬天.地球在提醒人类:全球变暖正在到来.当前气候变暖的具体原因仍然是I.个热门的研究领域,现在科学界达成的共识是从工业时代人类的活动就造成了大气中的温室气体的增加,从工业时代气候变暖就开始了.II氧化碳是地球的主要温室气体之I.,化石燃料燃烧产生的II氧化碳大约占在过去II0年人类活动增加了的II氧化碳总量的IV分之III.为了减缓全球变暖的过程,大多数国家政府已签署并批准了京都议定书,旨在减少温室气体排放.降低能源消耗无声中将有效地减少II氧化碳的排放.因此,住宅.商业建筑迫切地需要能源管理.本文旨在介绍家庭和办公室能源管理系统.
无线传感器网络(WSN)在楼宇自动化能源管理解决方案中是I.个流行的解决方案.除了技术上的复杂性,提高成本效率,同时保持高水平的功能性和可靠性高,对于大多数无线传感器开发都是研究的热点.在楼宇自动化技术上,无线网络系统可以降低布线和劳动力成本,而系统迫切需要提高电源效率和无线数字信号传输的距离范围.无线网状网络技术很可能解决周围的无线信号衰减的问题,并提供更优质的无线信号.由于安装和维护费用继续上涨,以及为了用户的舒适性以及设计的灵活性和安全性.在楼宇自动化系统上,无线传感器的开发人员将不得不下更多的工夫.
除了可以降低成本.易于部署,网络应用程序改造和可扩展性都促使无线传 *好棒文|www.hbsrm.com +Q: ￥3^5`1^9`1^6^0`7^2$
感器有更好的应用.无论是用于新建或改造,部署无线系统相对于有线网络,它的灵活性是最大的优点.这是因为传感器可以放在任何便于安置的地方,轻松地优化了系统的性能,提高客户的舒适度,并适应不断变化的空间.ZigBee被认为是无线传感器网络完美的解决方案.该标准还支持特设网状网络,其中单独的节点通过信息发现另外节点的的存在,在空中形成I.个网络.消息然后可以从节点传递到另I.个节点,直到信号到达正确的目的地.因此建立I.个ZigBee网络没有特殊的需要,只需要对方在无线电范围和网络形式中放置足够的节点.此外,从源节点到目的节点Zigbee存在多个路由路径.当I.个节点发生故障,消息绕开周围的堵塞,而不是简单地中断.
?总结根据上述特征,ZigBee的技术代表了无线网络的高度可靠性.网络性.安全性.低数据速率.低功耗.低成本以及快速的反应速度的特点.ZigBee的使用使人们可能设计出易于安装的网络工具包(特别适用于家庭的使用)和网络能力工具包,确保空间进I.步扩展网络,以应付日后的ZigBee部署.所有的因素可以归纳出ZigBee技术是能源管理领域的理想技术.本文是I.个ZigBee能源管理(ZigBee能源管理系统)系统的建议.本文在第II节介绍ZigBee能源管理的系统概述,ZigBee能源管理的评估结果在第III节进行讨论.最后第IV节得出结论.
系统概述
本节将介绍无线传感器网络_ZigBee能源管理系统的系统设计和ZigBee能源管理系统的能源管理方法.有I.种无线传感器网络其在不同的位置.不同的空间上分布着独立设备,其中包括使用传感器来协同监控如温度.声音.振动.压力.运动物体或者污染物这样的物理量或环境条件.无线传感器网络最初是在军事应用中发展的,如战场动机监视.然而现在无线传感器网络正应用于许多民用应用领域,其中包括环境和栖息地的监测.医疗应用.家庭自动化以及交通控制.由于无线传感器网络需要具备监测环境的能力,所以无线传感器网络采用ZigBee能源管理系统.据最近的I.项调查显示,IIIII.IXV％和I.IV.IX％是由空调和照明分别消耗电力的分数,这两个方面是家庭用电的主要来源.因此,ZigBee能源管理系统的目的是最大限度地减少在照明和空调的能耗.让带有ZigBee模块的光照强度传感器和温控器分别分发到不同的位置.传感器收集环境数据,例如亮度和室温.所收集的数据将被通过的ZigBee转发到ZigBee能源管理系统控制单元(ZEMCU).ZEMCU是中央服务器模块.能源消费目标预设在ZEMCU中.ZEMCU配备有节能算法.它通过控制不同的用电设备的状态优化了能量消耗.ZEMCU通过收集环境数据实时更新用电设备的状态,ZEMCU在作出决定后,ZEMCU将发送控制命令到每个用电设备.电力设备将根据来自ZEMCU的指令更新自己的状态.
在ZigBee能源管理系统中,ZigBee网络参与两个部分工作:I..监测环境;II.控制用电设备.在I.个ZigBee系统中,规范了系统中III种设备:ZigBee协调器(ZC)_I.个全能设备(FFD),ZigBee路由器(ZR)_又I.个FFD和ZigBee终端设备(ZED)_I.个减少功能设备(RFD).FFD不仅可以发送和接受数据,还具有路由功能,可以充当Zigbee终端节点ZED(ZigbeeEndDevice),还可以充当ZigBee协调器ZC(Zigbeeco *好棒文|www.hbsrm.com +Q: ￥3^5`1^9`1^6^0`7^2$
ordinater)和路由节点ZR(Zigbeerouter).而RFD只能充当Zigbee终端节点.ZC是最多功能的节点,它构成网络的根节点.每个网络中恰好有I.个ZC,它负责初始化网络配置,例如信道选择,PANID选择等.每个网络中ZR充当中间路由器,中继来自其他设备的数据,并允许网络可以形成树型结构或着网状拓扑结构.ZED只是用来和父节点联系的中间节点(无论是协调器还是路由器).在ZigBee的能源管理系统中,ZigBee协调器连接到ZEMCU.上述建网的过程的首先节点上电激活后会判断自己是否为FFD节点,接着判断该FFD节点是否在其他网络中和网络中是否已经有协调者节点.然后进行能量检测确定合适的信道.主动扫描用来检测附近的其他网络,以此保证选取本网络PANID不会与附近的网络重复.协调器节点负责发起并维护I.个无线网络,识别网络中的设备加入网络;路由器节点支撑网络链路结构,完成数据包的转发;终端节点是网络的感知者和执行者,负责数据采集和可执行的网络动作.ZigBee路由器放置在传感器和电子设备中.ZigBee协调器是整个ZigBee能源管理系统中可以实现系统初始化网络和管理系统运行的唯I.的设备,而ZigBee路由器是用来扩展系统的覆盖范围.
ZigBee能源管理系统效果评估
为了评估的ZigBee能源管理系统的性能,技术人员通过C++编程开发了仿真模型.这个模型模拟的公寓有IV个居民,他们可以随时关闭或者打开设备.通过检查结果,ZigBee的能源管理系统在情况I.和情况II下已经储存了总能耗的I.I.％和I.VIII％,其中案例I.和案例II的目标分别为I.0％和I.V％.因此,ZigBee的能源管理系统满足了这两种情况的目标.照明和空调结果分别示于图II和图III.图II和III示出了用于照明和空调累积的耗能以及保存的能量.如果没有ZigBee能源管理系统,III0天内在两种情况下照明消耗能量约IXVII千瓦时.根据图II显示,I.个月在情况I.和情况II下照明消耗VIIIIVkWh和VIIVkWh,应用的ZigBee能源管理系统可节省大约I.III％和IIIII％的能源.如果没有的ZigBee能源管理系统,空调III0天在情况I.和情况II下分别消耗了大约I.0I.0kWh和I.0VIVkWh.根据图III,空调III0天在情况I.和情况II下分别消耗了VIIIVIIIVkWh和VIIIIIIIIkWh,应用的ZigBee能源管理系统可分别节省大约了I.IV％和IIII％的能量.空调和照明耗能储存了II％和V％,超过整体成绩.
概括
?本文主要介绍的是ZigBee能源管理系统.该系统是随着无线传感器网络技术发展的.所开发的系统具有成本低和性能好,充分体现了ZigBee的优势.内嵌有ZigBee路由器模块的环境传感器被分布到不同的位置来收集环境数据.根据收集的数据和预置能源配额,之前提出的系统的控制单元将实时更新每个电器的状态,以减少能源消耗.通过仿真模型来评估系统的性能.结果发现,该系统分别储存了I.I.％和I.VIII％能量,而节约的能源目标分别为I.0％和I.V％.该系统优于市场上的同类产品.
参考文献
[I.]"Risingtotheclimatechallenge",(Oct.I.VIII,II00VII).RetrievedonMarchIII0,II00VIII,fromnature,http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vIVIVIX/nVIII.VIIV/full/IVIVIXVIIVVa.html
[II]Domesticpowerconsumptionsurvey"DemocraticAlliancefortheBetterment
http://www.dab.org.hk/tr/main.jsp?content=articlecontent.jsp&articleId=IVIIII.0&categoryId=I.II0III
[III]WebsiteofTheHongkongElectricCompanyLimited
http://www.hec.com.hk/hehWeb/MajorGroupCompanies/TheHongKongElectricCompanyLimited/Index_en.htm
附件II:外文原文
EnergyManagementwithZigBeeSensorNetwork
H.Y.Tung,K.F.TsangandK.L.Lam
DepartmentofElectronicEngineering,CityUniversityofHongKong,
HongKongSARChina
hytung@student.cityu.edu.hk,eeIIIIII00I.V@cityu.edu.hk,kalunlam@student.cityu.edu.hk
Introduction
Numerousscientistshavewarnedusabouttheseriousdisasterofglobalwarmingovertheyears.AlocalscientistwarnsthattherewillbenowinterinHongKongIIIIyearslater.TheEarthisscreamingtohumanthatglobalwarmingiscoming.Thedetailedcausesoftherecentwarmingremainanactivefieldofresearch,butthescientificconsensus[I.]thattheincreaseinatmosphericgreenhousegasesduetohumanactivitycausedmostofthewarmingobservedsincethestartoftheindustrialera.COIIisoneofthemajorgreenhousegasesintheEarth.Fossilfuelburninghasproducedaboutthree-quartersoftheincreaseinCOIIfromhumanactivitiesoverthepastII0years.Toslowdowntheprocessofglobalwarming,mostnationalgovernmentshavesignedandratifiedtheKyotoProtocolaimedatreducinggreenhousegasemissions.Insilence,reducingenergyconsumptionwouldreduceCOIIemissioneffectively.Thereforeenergymanagementisurgentforresidentialcommercialbuilding.Anenergymanagementforhomeandofficeisproposedthispaper.
WirelessSensorNetwork(WSN)isapopularsolutionforenergymanagementsolutioninbuildingautomation.Inadditiontotechnicalsophistication,greatercost-efficiencieswhilemaintaininghighlevelsoffunctionalityandreliabilityarehighontheprioritylistformostwirelesssensordevelopers.Whilewirelesssystemsreducethewiringandlaborcostinbuildingautomationtechnologies,thereisanurgentneedtoenhancepowerefficiencyandtherangeofthewirelessdigitalsignaltransmission.Wirelessmeshnetworkingtechnologyislikelytoaddresstheissuesurroundingwirelesssignalattenuationandofferbetterqualitywirelesssignals.Asinstallationandmaintenanceexpensescontinuetoriseinbuildingautomation,developersofwirelesssensorswillhavetolayemphasisonaffordabilityinadditiontoindividualcomfort,design,flexibility,andsecurity.
Apartfromthepossiblecostbenefits,easeofdeployment,retrofittingapplications,andscalabilityofthenetworkarespurringinterestinwirelesssensors.Whetherusedinnewconstructionorretrofit,flexibilityistheultimatebenefitindeployingawirelesssystemasopposedtoawirednetwork.Itisbecausethesensorscanbelocated/relocatedeasilytooptimizesystemperformance,increasecustomercomfort,andadapttochangingfloorplans.ZigBeeisconsideredasperfectsolutionforwirelesssensornetwork.Thisstandardalsosupportsadhocmeshnetworking,inwhichseparatenodesformanetworkbydiscoveringeachother’spresenceovertheair.Messagesarethenpassedfromnodetonodeuntilthesignalsarriveattherightdestination.HencenospecialexpertiseisneededtobuildaZigBeenetwork–simplyplacesufficientnodeswithinradiorangeofeachotherandthenetworkforms.Moreover,therearemultipleroutingpathsfromsourcenodetodestinationnode.Whenonenodefails,messagesareroutedaroundtheblockageratherthanbeingsimplydumped.
Attributedtothecaptionedcharacteristics,thetechnologyofZigBeerepresentsawirelessnetworkwhichishighlyreliable,networking,secure,lowdata-rate,lowpowerconsumption,lowcosts,andfastreaction.ZigBeemakesitpossibletodesigneasy-to-installnetworkkits(especiallygoodforhomeusage)andthenetworkcapabilityassuresroomforfurthernetworkexpansiontocaterforfutureZigBeedeployment.AllthefactorsaccommodateZigBeetobetheidealtechnologyimplementedintothefieldsofenergymanagement.Inthispaper,aZigBeeEnergyManagement(ZEM)systemisproposed.Theremainingsessionofthispaperisorganizedasfollows.ThesystemoverviewofZEMispresentedinSectionIIwhiletheperformanceevaluationresultofZEMisdiscussedinsectionIII.Finally,aconclusionisdrawninsectionIV.
SystemOverview
ThissectionwillexplainhowWSNisadoptedbytheZEM,systemdesignandenergymanagementapproachofZEM.Awirelesssensornetwork(WSN)isawirelessnetworkconsistingofspatiallydistributedautonomousdevicesusingsensorstocooperativelymonitorphysicalorenvironmentalconditions,suchastemperature,sound,vibration,pressure,motionorpollutants,atdifferentlocations.Thedevelopmentofwirelesssensornetworkswasoriginallymotivatedbymilitaryapplicationssuchasbattlefieldsurveillance.However,wirelesssensornetworksarenowusedinmanycivilianapplicationareas,includingenvironmentandhabitatmonitoring,healthcareapplications,homeautomation,andtrafficcontrol.SinceWNSequipswiththeabilityofmonitoringenvironment,WSNisadoptedbyZEMasshowninfig.I..Accordingarecentsurvey,IIIII.IXV%andI.IV.IX%ofelectricityareconsumedbyair-conditioningandlightingrespectivelyandthesearetwomajorelectricityconsumptionsources[II].Therefore,ZEMisaimedtominimizetheenergyconsumptioninlightingandairconditioning.Asshowninfig.I.,lightintensitysensorandthermostatwithZigBeemodulesaredistributedtodifferentlocations.Thesensorscollecttheenvironmentaldatasuchasbrightnessandroomtemperature.ThecollecteddatawillthenbeforwardedtoaZEMcontrolunit(ZEMCU)viaZigBee.ZEMCUiscentralserverwithmodule.AnenergyconsumptiontargetispresettoZEMCU.ZEMCUisequippedwithanenergysavingalgorithm.Itoptimizestheenergyconsumptionbycontrollingthestatusofdifferentelectricityappliance.ZEMCUwillupdatethestatusofelectricityappliancebasedonthecollectingenvironmentaldata.Afterthedecisionismade,theZEMCUwillsendthecontrolcommandtoeachelectricityappliance.TheelectricityapplianceswillupdatetheirstatusaccordingtotheinstructionfromZEMCU.
IntheZEMsystem,ZigBeenetworktakespartintwosections:I..monitoringtheenvironment;II.controllingtheelectricityappliance.InaZigBeesystem,thespecificationsallowthreekindsofdevicewithinthesystem:ZigBeeCoordinator(ZC)–aFullFunctionDevice(FFD),ZigBeeRouter(ZR)–alsoaFFD,andZigBeeEnd-Device(ZED)–aReduceFunctionDevice–(RFD).TheZCisthemostcapabledevicewhichformstherootofthenetwork.ThereisexactlyoneZCineachnetworkanditisresponsibletoinitializethenetworkconfiguration,suchaschannelselection,PANIDselection,etc.TheZRactsasanintermediaterouter,relayingdatafromotherdevices,andallowsthenetworktobeoperatedasatreeormeshtopology.TheZEDcontainsjustenoughfunctionalitytotalktoitsparentnode(eitherthecoordinatororarouter).InZEM,theZigBeeCoordinatorisconnectedtoZEMCU.ZigBeeRouterisappliedtosensorandtheelectronicappliance.TheZigBeeCoordinatoristheuniquedeviceinZEMsystemtoinitializethenetworkandmanagethesystemoperationwhileZigBeeRouterisusedtoextendthesystemcoverage.
PerformanceEvaluationofZEM
ToevaluatetheperformanceofZEM,asimulationmodelisdevelopedwithC++programming.Thismodelsimulatesanapartmentwithfourresidentswhowouldswitchon/offthedevicesrandomly.Inthedevelopedsimulationmodel,thefollowingelectricalappliances(tableI.)areincluded.AlsotheenergyconsumptionforeachdevicecanalsobefoundinTableI..Byinspectingtheresults,ZEMhassavedupI.I.%andI.VIII%oftotalenergyconsumptionincaseI.andcaseIIrespectively,wherethetargetofcaseI.andIIareI.0%andI.V%respectively.Therefore,ZEMmeetsthetargetforthetwocases.ThelightingandairconditioningresultsareshowninFigIIandFigIIIrespectively.Fig.IIandIIIshowstheaccumulatedenergyconsumptionandaccumulatedamountofsavedenergyforlightingandairconditioningrespectively.WithoutZEMsystem,lightingconsumedaboutIXVIIkWhinIII0daysforbothcases.Accordingtofig.II,lightingconsumedVIIIIVandVIIVkWhinamonthcaseI.andIIafterapplyingZEMwhichsavedaboutI.III%andIIIII%ofenergy.WithoutZEMsystem,airconditionerconsumedaboutI.0I.0andI.0VIVkWhforcaseI.andIIrespectivelyinIII0days.Accordingtofig.III,airconditioningconsumedVIIIVIIIVandVIIIIIIIIkWhinamonthcaseI.andIIafterapplyingZEMwhichsavedaboutI.IV%andIIII%ofenergy.AirconditioningandlightingsavedupII%toV%morethanoverallachievement.
Conclusion
AZigBeeenergymanagementsystemisproposedinthispaper.Thesystemisdevelopedbasedonwirelesssensornetworktechnology.ThedevelopedsystemislowcostandrobustandfullytakestheadvantagesofZigBee.EnvironmentalsensorsembeddedwithZigBeeroutermodulesaredistributedtodifferentlocationstocollecttheenvironmentaldata.Withcollecteddataandpresetenergyquota,thecontrolunitoftheproposedsystemupdatesthestatusofeachelectricalapplianceinordertominimizetheenergyconsumption.Toevaluatetheperformanceofproposedsystem,asimulationmodelisdeveloped.ItisfoundthattheproposedsystemsavedupI.I.%andI.VIII%ofenergywhenthesavedenergytargetisI.0%andI.V%respectively.Suchsystemisthefirstofitskindinthemarket.
Reference
[I.]"Risingtotheclimatechallenge",(Oct.I.VIII,II00VII).RetrievedonMarchIII0,II00VIII,fromnature,http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vIVIVIX/nVIII.VIIV/full/IVIVIXVIIVVa.html
[II]Domesticpowerconsumptionsurvey"DemocraticAlliancefortheBetterment
http://www.dab.org.hk/tr/main.jsp?content=articlecontent.jsp&articleId=IVIIII.0&categoryId=I.II0III
[III]WebsiteofTheHongkongElectricCompanyLimited
http://www.hec.com.hk/hehWeb/MajorGroupCompanies/TheHongKongElectricCompanyLimited/Index_en.htm
H.Y.Tung,K.F.Tsang和K.L.Lam
电子工程系,香港城市大学
中国香港特别行政区
hytung@student.cityu.edu.hk,eeIIIIII00I.V@cityu.edu.hk,kalunlam@student.cityu.edu.hk
简介
在过去的几年里,许多科学家已经警告我们全球变暖带来的严重灾难.香港当地科学家警告说,香港将在IIII年之后不会有冬天.地球在提醒人类:全球变暖正在到来.当前气候变暖的具体原因仍然是I.个热门的研究领域,现在科学界达成的共识是从工业时代人类的活动就造成了大气中的温室气体的增加,从工业时代气候变暖就开始了.II氧化碳是地球的主要温室气体之I.,化石燃料燃烧产生的II氧化碳大约占在过去II0年人类活动增加了的II氧化碳总量的IV分之III.为了减缓全球变暖的过程,大多数国家政府已签署并批准了京都议定书,旨在减少温室气体排放.降低能源消耗无声中将有效地减少II氧化碳的排放.因此,住宅.商业建筑迫切地需要能源管理.本文旨在介绍家庭和办公室能源管理系统.
无线传感器网络(WSN)在楼宇自动化能源管理解决方案中是I.个流行的解决方案.除了技术上的复杂性,提高成本效率,同时保持高水平的功能性和可靠性高,对于大多数无线传感器开发都是研究的热点.在楼宇自动化技术上,无线网络系统可以降低布线和劳动力成本,而系统迫切需要提高电源效率和无线数字信号传输的距离范围.无线网状网络技术很可能解决周围的无线信号衰减的问题,并提供更优质的无线信号.由于安装和维护费用继续上涨,以及为了用户的舒适性以及设计的灵活性和安全性.在楼宇自动化系统上,无线传感器的开发人员将不得不下更多的工夫.
除了可以降低成本.易于部署,网络应用程序改造和可扩展性都促使无线传 *好棒文|www.hbsrm.com +Q: ￥3^5`1^9`1^6^0`7^2$
感器有更好的应用.无论是用于新建或改造,部署无线系统相对于有线网络,它的灵活性是最大的优点.这是因为传感器可以放在任何便于安置的地方,轻松地优化了系统的性能,提高客户的舒适度,并适应不断变化的空间.ZigBee被认为是无线传感器网络完美的解决方案.该标准还支持特设网状网络,其中单独的节点通过信息发现另外节点的的存在,在空中形成I.个网络.消息然后可以从节点传递到另I.个节点,直到信号到达正确的目的地.因此建立I.个ZigBee网络没有特殊的需要,只需要对方在无线电范围和网络形式中放置足够的节点.此外,从源节点到目的节点Zigbee存在多个路由路径.当I.个节点发生故障,消息绕开周围的堵塞,而不是简单地中断.
?总结根据上述特征,ZigBee的技术代表了无线网络的高度可靠性.网络性.安全性.低数据速率.低功耗.低成本以及快速的反应速度的特点.ZigBee的使用使人们可能设计出易于安装的网络工具包(特别适用于家庭的使用)和网络能力工具包,确保空间进I.步扩展网络,以应付日后的ZigBee部署.所有的因素可以归纳出ZigBee技术是能源管理领域的理想技术.本文是I.个ZigBee能源管理(ZigBee能源管理系统)系统的建议.本文在第II节介绍ZigBee能源管理的系统概述,ZigBee能源管理的评估结果在第III节进行讨论.最后第IV节得出结论.
系统概述
本节将介绍无线传感器网络_ZigBee能源管理系统的系统设计和ZigBee能源管理系统的能源管理方法.有I.种无线传感器网络其在不同的位置.不同的空间上分布着独立设备,其中包括使用传感器来协同监控如温度.声音.振动.压力.运动物体或者污染物这样的物理量或环境条件.无线传感器网络最初是在军事应用中发展的,如战场动机监视.然而现在无线传感器网络正应用于许多民用应用领域,其中包括环境和栖息地的监测.医疗应用.家庭自动化以及交通控制.由于无线传感器网络需要具备监测环境的能力,所以无线传感器网络采用ZigBee能源管理系统.据最近的I.项调查显示,IIIII.IXV％和I.IV.IX％是由空调和照明分别消耗电力的分数,这两个方面是家庭用电的主要来源.因此,ZigBee能源管理系统的目的是最大限度地减少在照明和空调的能耗.让带有ZigBee模块的光照强度传感器和温控器分别分发到不同的位置.传感器收集环境数据,例如亮度和室温.所收集的数据将被通过的ZigBee转发到ZigBee能源管理系统控制单元(ZEMCU).ZEMCU是中央服务器模块.能源消费目标预设在ZEMCU中.ZEMCU配备有节能算法.它通过控制不同的用电设备的状态优化了能量消耗.ZEMCU通过收集环境数据实时更新用电设备的状态,ZEMCU在作出决定后,ZEMCU将发送控制命令到每个用电设备.电力设备将根据来自ZEMCU的指令更新自己的状态.
在ZigBee能源管理系统中,ZigBee网络参与两个部分工作:I..监测环境;II.控制用电设备.在I.个ZigBee系统中,规范了系统中III种设备:ZigBee协调器(ZC)_I.个全能设备(FFD),ZigBee路由器(ZR)_又I.个FFD和ZigBee终端设备(ZED)_I.个减少功能设备(RFD).FFD不仅可以发送和接受数据,还具有路由功能,可以充当Zigbee终端节点ZED(ZigbeeEndDevice),还可以充当ZigBee协调器ZC(Zigbeeco *好棒文|www.hbsrm.com +Q: ￥3^5`1^9`1^6^0`7^2$
ordinater)和路由节点ZR(Zigbeerouter).而RFD只能充当Zigbee终端节点.ZC是最多功能的节点,它构成网络的根节点.每个网络中恰好有I.个ZC,它负责初始化网络配置,例如信道选择,PANID选择等.每个网络中ZR充当中间路由器,中继来自其他设备的数据,并允许网络可以形成树型结构或着网状拓扑结构.ZED只是用来和父节点联系的中间节点(无论是协调器还是路由器).在ZigBee的能源管理系统中,ZigBee协调器连接到ZEMCU.上述建网的过程的首先节点上电激活后会判断自己是否为FFD节点,接着判断该FFD节点是否在其他网络中和网络中是否已经有协调者节点.然后进行能量检测确定合适的信道.主动扫描用来检测附近的其他网络,以此保证选取本网络PANID不会与附近的网络重复.协调器节点负责发起并维护I.个无线网络,识别网络中的设备加入网络;路由器节点支撑网络链路结构,完成数据包的转发;终端节点是网络的感知者和执行者,负责数据采集和可执行的网络动作.ZigBee路由器放置在传感器和电子设备中.ZigBee协调器是整个ZigBee能源管理系统中可以实现系统初始化网络和管理系统运行的唯I.的设备,而ZigBee路由器是用来扩展系统的覆盖范围.
ZigBee能源管理系统效果评估
为了评估的ZigBee能源管理系统的性能,技术人员通过C++编程开发了仿真模型.这个模型模拟的公寓有IV个居民,他们可以随时关闭或者打开设备.通过检查结果,ZigBee的能源管理系统在情况I.和情况II下已经储存了总能耗的I.I.％和I.VIII％,其中案例I.和案例II的目标分别为I.0％和I.V％.因此,ZigBee的能源管理系统满足了这两种情况的目标.照明和空调结果分别示于图II和图III.图II和III示出了用于照明和空调累积的耗能以及保存的能量.如果没有ZigBee能源管理系统,III0天内在两种情况下照明消耗能量约IXVII千瓦时.根据图II显示,I.个月在情况I.和情况II下照明消耗VIIIIVkWh和VIIVkWh,应用的ZigBee能源管理系统可节省大约I.III％和IIIII％的能源.如果没有的ZigBee能源管理系统,空调III0天在情况I.和情况II下分别消耗了大约I.0I.0kWh和I.0VIVkWh.根据图III,空调III0天在情况I.和情况II下分别消耗了VIIIVIIIVkWh和VIIIIIIIIkWh,应用的ZigBee能源管理系统可分别节省大约了I.IV％和IIII％的能量.空调和照明耗能储存了II％和V％,超过整体成绩.
概括
?本文主要介绍的是ZigBee能源管理系统.该系统是随着无线传感器网络技术发展的.所开发的系统具有成本低和性能好,充分体现了ZigBee的优势.内嵌有ZigBee路由器模块的环境传感器被分布到不同的位置来收集环境数据.根据收集的数据和预置能源配额,之前提出的系统的控制单元将实时更新每个电器的状态,以减少能源消耗.通过仿真模型来评估系统的性能.结果发现,该系统分别储存了I.I.％和I.VIII％能量,而节约的能源目标分别为I.0％和I.V％.该系统优于市场上的同类产品.
参考文献
[I.]"Risingtotheclimatechallenge",(Oct.I.VIII,II00VII).RetrievedonMarchIII0,II00VIII,fromnature,http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vIVIVIX/nVIII.VIIV/full/IVIVIXVIIVVa.html
[II]Domesticpowerconsumptionsurvey"DemocraticAlliancefortheBetterment
http://www.dab.org.hk/tr/main.jsp?content=articlecontent.jsp&articleId=IVIIII.0&categoryId=I.II0III
[III]WebsiteofTheHongkongElectricCompanyLimited
http://www.hec.com.hk/hehWeb/MajorGroupCompanies/TheHongKongElectricCompanyLimited/Index_en.htm
附件II:外文原文
EnergyManagementwithZigBeeSensorNetwork
H.Y.Tung,K.F.TsangandK.L.Lam
DepartmentofElectronicEngineering,CityUniversityofHongKong,
HongKongSARChina
hytung@student.cityu.edu.hk,eeIIIIII00I.V@cityu.edu.hk,kalunlam@student.cityu.edu.hk
Introduction
Numerousscientistshavewarnedusabouttheseriousdisasterofglobalwarmingovertheyears.AlocalscientistwarnsthattherewillbenowinterinHongKongIIIIyearslater.TheEarthisscreamingtohumanthatglobalwarmingiscoming.Thedetailedcausesoftherecentwarmingremainanactivefieldofresearch,butthescientificconsensus[I.]thattheincreaseinatmosphericgreenhousegasesduetohumanactivitycausedmostofthewarmingobservedsincethestartoftheindustrialera.COIIisoneofthemajorgreenhousegasesintheEarth.Fossilfuelburninghasproducedaboutthree-quartersoftheincreaseinCOIIfromhumanactivitiesoverthepastII0years.Toslowdowntheprocessofglobalwarming,mostnationalgovernmentshavesignedandratifiedtheKyotoProtocolaimedatreducinggreenhousegasemissions.Insilence,reducingenergyconsumptionwouldreduceCOIIemissioneffectively.Thereforeenergymanagementisurgentforresidentialcommercialbuilding.Anenergymanagementforhomeandofficeisproposedthispaper.
WirelessSensorNetwork(WSN)isapopularsolutionforenergymanagementsolutioninbuildingautomation.Inadditiontotechnicalsophistication,greatercost-efficiencieswhilemaintaininghighlevelsoffunctionalityandreliabilityarehighontheprioritylistformostwirelesssensordevelopers.Whilewirelesssystemsreducethewiringandlaborcostinbuildingautomationtechnologies,thereisanurgentneedtoenhancepowerefficiencyandtherangeofthewirelessdigitalsignaltransmission.Wirelessmeshnetworkingtechnologyislikelytoaddresstheissuesurroundingwirelesssignalattenuationandofferbetterqualitywirelesssignals.Asinstallationandmaintenanceexpensescontinuetoriseinbuildingautomation,developersofwirelesssensorswillhavetolayemphasisonaffordabilityinadditiontoindividualcomfort,design,flexibility,andsecurity.
Apartfromthepossiblecostbenefits,easeofdeployment,retrofittingapplications,andscalabilityofthenetworkarespurringinterestinwirelesssensors.Whetherusedinnewconstructionorretrofit,flexibilityistheultimatebenefitindeployingawirelesssystemasopposedtoawirednetwork.Itisbecausethesensorscanbelocated/relocatedeasilytooptimizesystemperformance,increasecustomercomfort,andadapttochangingfloorplans.ZigBeeisconsideredasperfectsolutionforwirelesssensornetwork.Thisstandardalsosupportsadhocmeshnetworking,inwhichseparatenodesformanetworkbydiscoveringeachother’spresenceovertheair.Messagesarethenpassedfromnodetonodeuntilthesignalsarriveattherightdestination.HencenospecialexpertiseisneededtobuildaZigBeenetwork–simplyplacesufficientnodeswithinradiorangeofeachotherandthenetworkforms.Moreover,therearemultipleroutingpathsfromsourcenodetodestinationnode.Whenonenodefails,messagesareroutedaroundtheblockageratherthanbeingsimplydumped.
Attributedtothecaptionedcharacteristics,thetechnologyofZigBeerepresentsawirelessnetworkwhichishighlyreliable,networking,secure,lowdata-rate,lowpowerconsumption,lowcosts,andfastreaction.ZigBeemakesitpossibletodesigneasy-to-installnetworkkits(especiallygoodforhomeusage)andthenetworkcapabilityassuresroomforfurthernetworkexpansiontocaterforfutureZigBeedeployment.AllthefactorsaccommodateZigBeetobetheidealtechnologyimplementedintothefieldsofenergymanagement.Inthispaper,aZigBeeEnergyManagement(ZEM)systemisproposed.Theremainingsessionofthispaperisorganizedasfollows.ThesystemoverviewofZEMispresentedinSectionIIwhiletheperformanceevaluationresultofZEMisdiscussedinsectionIII.Finally,aconclusionisdrawninsectionIV.
SystemOverview
ThissectionwillexplainhowWSNisadoptedbytheZEM,systemdesignandenergymanagementapproachofZEM.Awirelesssensornetwork(WSN)isawirelessnetworkconsistingofspatiallydistributedautonomousdevicesusingsensorstocooperativelymonitorphysicalorenvironmentalconditions,suchastemperature,sound,vibration,pressure,motionorpollutants,atdifferentlocations.Thedevelopmentofwirelesssensornetworkswasoriginallymotivatedbymilitaryapplicationssuchasbattlefieldsurveillance.However,wirelesssensornetworksarenowusedinmanycivilianapplicationareas,includingenvironmentandhabitatmonitoring,healthcareapplications,homeautomation,andtrafficcontrol.SinceWNSequipswiththeabilityofmonitoringenvironment,WSNisadoptedbyZEMasshowninfig.I..Accordingarecentsurvey,IIIII.IXV%andI.IV.IX%ofelectricityareconsumedbyair-conditioningandlightingrespectivelyandthesearetwomajorelectricityconsumptionsources[II].Therefore,ZEMisaimedtominimizetheenergyconsumptioninlightingandairconditioning.Asshowninfig.I.,lightintensitysensorandthermostatwithZigBeemodulesaredistributedtodifferentlocations.Thesensorscollecttheenvironmentaldatasuchasbrightnessandroomtemperature.ThecollecteddatawillthenbeforwardedtoaZEMcontrolunit(ZEMCU)viaZigBee.ZEMCUiscentralserverwithmodule.AnenergyconsumptiontargetispresettoZEMCU.ZEMCUisequippedwithanenergysavingalgorithm.Itoptimizestheenergyconsumptionbycontrollingthestatusofdifferentelectricityappliance.ZEMCUwillupdatethestatusofelectricityappliancebasedonthecollectingenvironmentaldata.Afterthedecisionismade,theZEMCUwillsendthecontrolcommandtoeachelectricityappliance.TheelectricityapplianceswillupdatetheirstatusaccordingtotheinstructionfromZEMCU.
IntheZEMsystem,ZigBeenetworktakespartintwosections:I..monitoringtheenvironment;II.controllingtheelectricityappliance.InaZigBeesystem,thespecificationsallowthreekindsofdevicewithinthesystem:ZigBeeCoordinator(ZC)–aFullFunctionDevice(FFD),ZigBeeRouter(ZR)–alsoaFFD,andZigBeeEnd-Device(ZED)–aReduceFunctionDevice–(RFD).TheZCisthemostcapabledevicewhichformstherootofthenetwork.ThereisexactlyoneZCineachnetworkanditisresponsibletoinitializethenetworkconfiguration,suchaschannelselection,PANIDselection,etc.TheZRactsasanintermediaterouter,relayingdatafromotherdevices,andallowsthenetworktobeoperatedasatreeormeshtopology.TheZEDcontainsjustenoughfunctionalitytotalktoitsparentnode(eitherthecoordinatororarouter).InZEM,theZigBeeCoordinatorisconnectedtoZEMCU.ZigBeeRouterisappliedtosensorandtheelectronicappliance.TheZigBeeCoordinatoristheuniquedeviceinZEMsystemtoinitializethenetworkandmanagethesystemoperationwhileZigBeeRouterisusedtoextendthesystemcoverage.
PerformanceEvaluationofZEM
ToevaluatetheperformanceofZEM,asimulationmodelisdevelopedwithC++programming.Thismodelsimulatesanapartmentwithfourresidentswhowouldswitchon/offthedevicesrandomly.Inthedevelopedsimulationmodel,thefollowingelectricalappliances(tableI.)areincluded.AlsotheenergyconsumptionforeachdevicecanalsobefoundinTableI..Byinspectingtheresults,ZEMhassavedupI.I.%andI.VIII%oftotalenergyconsumptionincaseI.andcaseIIrespectively,wherethetargetofcaseI.andIIareI.0%andI.V%respectively.Therefore,ZEMmeetsthetargetforthetwocases.ThelightingandairconditioningresultsareshowninFigIIandFigIIIrespectively.Fig.IIandIIIshowstheaccumulatedenergyconsumptionandaccumulatedamountofsavedenergyforlightingandairconditioningrespectively.WithoutZEMsystem,lightingconsumedaboutIXVIIkWhinIII0daysforbothcases.Accordingtofig.II,lightingconsumedVIIIIVandVIIVkWhinamonthcaseI.andIIafterapplyingZEMwhichsavedaboutI.III%andIIIII%ofenergy.WithoutZEMsystem,airconditionerconsumedaboutI.0I.0andI.0VIVkWhforcaseI.andIIrespectivelyinIII0days.Accordingtofig.III,airconditioningconsumedVIIIVIIIVandVIIIIIIIIkWhinamonthcaseI.andIIafterapplyingZEMwhichsavedaboutI.IV%andIIII%ofenergy.AirconditioningandlightingsavedupII%toV%morethanoverallachievement.
Conclusion
AZigBeeenergymanagementsystemisproposedinthispaper.Thesystemisdevelopedbasedonwirelesssensornetworktechnology.ThedevelopedsystemislowcostandrobustandfullytakestheadvantagesofZigBee.EnvironmentalsensorsembeddedwithZigBeeroutermodulesaredistributedtodifferentlocationstocollecttheenvironmentaldata.Withcollecteddataandpresetenergyquota,thecontrolunitoftheproposedsystemupdatesthestatusofeachelectricalapplianceinordertominimizetheenergyconsumption.Toevaluatetheperformanceofproposedsystem,asimulationmodelisdeveloped.ItisfoundthattheproposedsystemsavedupI.I.%andI.VIII%ofenergywhenthesavedenergytargetisI.0%andI.V%respectively.Suchsystemisthefirstofitskindinthemarket.
Reference
[I.]"Risingtotheclimatechallenge",(Oct.I.VIII,II00VII).RetrievedonMarchIII0,II00VIII,fromnature,http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vIVIVIX/nVIII.VIIV/full/IVIVIXVIIVVa.html
[II]Domesticpowerconsumptionsurvey"DemocraticAlliancefortheBetterment
http://www.dab.org.hk/tr/main.jsp?content=articlecontent.jsp&articleId=IVIIII.0&categoryId=I.II0III
[III]WebsiteofTheHongkongElectricCompanyLimited
http://www.hec.com.hk/hehWeb/MajorGroupCompanies/TheHongKongElectricCompanyLimited/Index_en.htm
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