PLC的电梯控制系统设计与实践
PLC的电梯控制系统设计与实践
摘要
本文介绍了两台IX层住宅楼宇电梯控制系统的发展概况.该控制系统采用可编程控制器作为控制器,并使用最少等待的时间"的并联调度规则来运行II台处于平衡模式的电梯.本论文给出了PLC控制系统的基本结构,控制原理和实现方法的细节.同时还介绍了在系统关键部分的梯形图.该系统具有简单的外围电路,其运行结果表明,它增强了电梯的可靠性和性能.
I.导言
随着建筑科学的发展,建筑变得越来越高,电梯成为高层建筑中重要的垂直运输工具.它们负责把生活.工作在建筑里的或来访的乘客舒适地高效地运送到他们的目的地.因此,这种电梯控制系统对于每个电梯顺利.安全的运行是必不可少的.它告诉电梯在什么命令下平层,什么时候打开或关闭轿门以及是否存在关键的安全问题.
传统的电梯电气控制系统是I.个继电器控制系统.它有缺点如:电路复杂,故障率高和可靠性较差;以及极大地影响了电梯的运行质量.因此,由企业委托,我们已使用PLC来改进I.个住宅楼的由继电器控制的电梯电气控制系统.结果表明,改善后的系统运行可靠.维护方便.
本论文介绍了PLC控制系统的基本结构,控制原理和实现方法的细节.
II系统结构
该电梯控制系统的目的是让电梯响应乘客的要求并做出正确的运动.它主要分为两个部分:
II.I.电力驱动系统
电力驱动系统主要包括:电梯轿厢,牵引电动机,电梯门马达,制动机构和相关的开关电路.
这里,我们采用I.种新的LC型交流接触器代替旧的,并使用PLC的触点来代替大量的中继器.而牵引电动机的线路则予以保留.这样,原来控制柜体积大,噪声大的缺点就被解决了
II.II信号控制系统
电梯的控制信号大多是由PLC实现的.输入信号有:运行模式信号,操作控制信号,轿厢指令信号,厅门呼梯信号,安全/保 *好棒文|www.hbsrm.com +Q: ￥351916072￥
护信号,梯门打/关信号和平整信号等.电梯系统的所有控制功能都是由PLC程序完成的,例如:登记,显示,取消轿厢指令和厅门呼梯,判断电梯位置,选择电梯的运动方向和层等.图I.中显示了电梯的PLC控制系统框图
图I.PLC信号控制系统图
II.III需求
开发这个控制系统的目的是去控制I.幢居民楼的II个IX层电梯.
对于每I.个电梯,每I.层上都安装了I.个传感器.我们能利用这些传感器去了解电梯轿厢的实时位置.电梯轿厢的门是靠门电机来实现开启和闭合的.电梯的门上安装有II个传感器,I.个用于通知控制系统电梯门的位置,另I.个可以在电梯门关闭的时候侦测物体.电梯的上下运动则是通过牵引电动机来控制的.除了第I.层和最高层之外,每I.层都有I.对方向灯指明电梯是在上升还是下降.
每个楼层,都有I.个VII段LED用于显示电梯轿厢的当前位置.
明确基本需求是开发这个电梯控制系统的第I.步,简单来说,这两个电梯有以下行为:
(I.)I.个电梯单独运行
I.般来说,电梯有III个运行状态:正常模式,火灾保护模式和维护模式.维护模式具有最高的优先级,只有不在维护模式时,其他运行模式才能执行.其次是火灾保护模式,当火险开关作用时时,电梯必须立即回到底层或者基站.而火险开关复位后,电梯就应该回到正常运行模式.在正常操作模式下,控制系统的基本任务是指挥每个电梯上下移动,停止启动,打开和关闭电梯门.但其中也有如下的I.些限制因素:
每个电梯都有I.组IX个按钮放置在轿厢的控制面板上,每I.个对应I.层楼.当按钮被按下时,按钮就会发光并且使电梯向相应的楼层运动,当电梯到达指定楼层之后,按钮的光芒就会消失.
除了底层和顶层之外,每个楼层的控制面板上都有两个按钮.I.个按钮请求电梯上升,另I.个请求电梯下降.按钮在按下去的状态下会发光.当电梯来到乘客所在楼层时,按钮的发光消失,然后朝着期望的方向运行.
电梯轿厢的控制面板和楼层的控制面板上的按钮都是用来控制电梯运行方向的.
电梯不能漏过任何楼层,如果那个楼层有乘客想要出去.
电梯不能在没有乘客要出去的楼层停止直到将所有当前方向的乘客送达之前,电梯不能改变方向,并且,当电梯在相反方向运行时,厅门呼梯不能得到响应.
如果电梯没有接到任何需求,则停在当前层,并保持电梯门关闭.
(II)两个电梯并联运行
在这种情况下,两个电梯同时为大楼服务,从早上VII点到IX点,再从下午V点到VII点.
当电梯到达某I.层,它将测试是否需要停止,当必须停止时,电梯则会停在这I.层.
与此同时,为了平衡停止的次数,两个电梯的操作还将遵循I.定的调度原则.
电梯不会停止在I.个已经有另I.个电梯停着的楼层
正常运行模式的电梯是由电力驱动系统和逻辑控制系统共同操控的.
III软件设计
由于呼叫时间,呼叫地点,乘客目的地的随机性质,电梯控制系统是I.个典型的实时,随机逻辑控制系统.在这里,我们采用集选控制方法与西门子PLCSVII-II00CPUIIIIVI及其扩展模块.系统中有IVVI输入节点和IVVI个输出节点.I/O节点详情见表I.和表II.
表I.输入节点
描述地址
I.-VIII层向上厅门呼梯II-IX层向下厅门呼梯I.-IX层轿厢指令I.-IX抵达传感器电梯 *好棒文|www.hbsrm.com +Q: ￥351916072￥
门打开按钮电梯门关闭按钮电梯门关闭位置开关电梯门打开位置开关向上调平传感器向下调平传感器火警开关驱动器操作开关电梯门控制面板开关超载被迫速度变化开关满载I0.0-I0.VIIII..0-II..VIIIII.0-III.VII,IIII.0IIII.I.-IIII.VII,IIV.0-IIV.I.IIV.IIIIV.IIIIIV.IVIIV.VIIV.VIIIV.VIIIV.0IV.I.IV.IIIV.IIIIV.IVIV.V
表II输出节点
描述地址
I.-VIII层向上厅门呼梯灯II-IX层向下厅门呼梯灯I.-IX层轿厢指令灯向上运动指示灯向下运动指示灯电梯位置的VII段LED显示器电梯门正在打开电梯门正在关闭Q0.0-Q0.VIIQI..0-QI..VIIQII.0-QII.VII,QIII.0QIII.I.QIII.IIQIII.III-QIII.VIIQIV.0-IV.I.QIV.IIQIV.III
向上运动向下运动满载灯高速运行低速运行加速减速警告发声器QIV.IVQIV.VQIV.VIQIV.VIIQV.0QV.I.QV.II-QV.IVQV.V
关于软件设计,我们采用模块化的方法来写梯形图程序.模块之间的信息传输则依靠PLC的中间寄存器来实现.
整个程序主要由I.0个模块组成:厅门呼梯登记和显示模块,轿厢指令登记和显示模块,信号组合模块,厅门呼梯取消模块,电梯位置显示模块,楼层选择模块,移动方向控制模块,电梯门开启/关闭模块,维护操作模块和并行模式下的调度模块.以下是几个典型模块的设计描述:
III.I.厅门呼梯登记和显示模块
在电梯中有两种呼叫模式:厅门呼梯和轿厢指令.当有人按下楼层控制面板的按钮,信号就会被登记,相应的灯就点亮.这就是厅门呼梯登记.
当乘客按下电梯轿厢内的I.个按钮,信号将被登记,与之相应的灯照亮.这就是轿厢指令登记.
图II显示了向上厅门呼梯登记和显示的梯形图,自锁原则用来确保呼叫不断的显示.
图II向上厅门呼梯登记与显示
III.II呼叫的集选
这里使用了集选控制原则.就像图III中显示的那样,MV.I._MV.VII,MVI.0和MVI.I.是辅助寄存器.它们分别用来表示从I.层到IX层的停止请求信号.辅助继电器VI.II指明电梯驱动器的操作信号.如果在某I.层有I.个呼叫,相应楼层的停止信号将被输出.当电梯被驱动器运行时,厅门呼梯将无法实现.电梯无法漏过乘客要下车的任何I.层.
III.III呼叫取消
这个模块使电梯能响应与轿厢运动方向相同的厅门呼梯指令,当厅门呼梯已经得响应,它的登记将被取消.电梯向上厅门呼梯指令取消的梯形图如图IV.
图III呼梯的组合
在图IV中,辅助寄存器MIV.0是电梯向上运动的标志,当电梯的当前运动是向上,则MIV.0的触电是关闭的,反之则是打开的.M0.I.到M0.VII分别对应II楼到VIII楼的轿厢停止指令.
这个程序由两个功能:
(I.)当电梯向下运动时,使电梯能响应正常的向下厅门呼梯指令.当指令响应之后,则取消该指令的登记
(II)当电梯向下运动时,使电梯能响应正常的向下厅门呼梯指令.当指令响应之后,则取消该指令的登记
图IV向上呼梯的取消
图V电梯向上运动
(III)当电梯向下运动时,使电梯能响应正常的向下厅门呼梯指令.当指令响应之后,则取消该指令的登记
(IV)当电梯向上运动时,相应楼层向下的厅门呼梯指令不响应并保留指令的登记向下厅门呼梯的取消则与向上的正好相反.
III.IV电梯的方向
电梯可能向上或者向下运动,取决于厅门呼梯和轿厢指令,图V中的梯形图是电梯向上运动的情况.
图V表明,当呼叫的楼层比当前电梯所在楼层高时,电梯将向上运动.辅助寄存器MIV.0被用作电梯向上运动的标志.当电梯向上运动,向上运动的指示灯就被点亮.MIV.0也就被连接上了.当电梯到达顶层时,向上运动的指示灯熄灭,计时器开始运行.0.II秒之后,MIV.0被断开.向上运动显示停止.这里MIV.0代替了QIII.I.,用来确保取消的可靠性.
III.V电梯的楼层停止
图VI的是电梯楼层停止功能的梯形图.
如图VI,MVI.IV是楼层停止信号的标志,驱动器传送楼层停止信号到MVI.VI,火警开关传送火警信号给MVII.0,MVI.VII显示速度改变信号.这些接触器中的任何I.个工作,楼层停止信号就会发送.
图VI电梯的楼层停止
IV结论
这篇文章中,我们已经通过使用PLC来改进了I.个旧的电梯控制系统,并且实现了两个电梯的组控制.新的控制系统已经使用I.年,它的操作方案如下:
(I.)低峰时
从早上VII点到IX点,这时关心人们离开大楼
(II)高峰时
从下午V点到VII点,这时关心人们进入大楼
(III)其他
从早上VI点到晚上I.II点的所有时间,除了上述两段时间外,这些时候仅有I.部电梯运行.
结论通过平均等待时间和最大等待时间展现在表III和IV中
表III平均和最大等候时间(改进前)
平均最大
下行高峰VIIII.II0IIIV0.IIIIII
上行高峰VII.VIIVIIIIIIIIV.IIVI
其他IVIII.IIVIII.V.IVIII
表IV平均和最大等待时间(改进后)
平均最大
下行高峰III0.I.IIII0III.IIIIII
上行高峰IIVII.VIIII.I.IXV.II0
其他IIIVII.IIIIII.VIIIVI.IVIII
由于改进之前系统并非并行模式,因此在高峰期和低谷期的平均等待时间和最大等待时间都长于改进后的系统.实践结果表明,改进后的系统表现好于改进之前.
附件II:外文原文(复印件)
DesignandPracticeofanElevatorControlSystemBasedonPLC
Abstract
ThispaperdescribesthedevelopmentofIInine-storeyelevatorscontrolsystemforaresidentialbuilding.ThecontrolsystemadoptsPLCascontroller,andusesaparallelconnectiondispatchingrulebasedon"minimumwaitingtime"torunIIelevatorsinparallelmode.Thepapergivesthebasicstructure,controlprincipleandrealizationmethodofthePLCcontrolsystemindetail.Italsopresentstheladderdiagramofthekeyaspectsofthesystem.Thesystemhassimpleperipheralcircuitandtheoperationresultshowedthatitenhancedthereliabilityandperformanceoftheelevators.
I..Introduction
Withthedevelopmentofarchitecturetechnology,thebuildingistallerandtallerandelevatorsbecomeimportantverticaltransportationvehiclesinhigh-risebuildings.Theyareresponsibletotransportpassengers,living,workingorvisitinginthebuilding,comfortableandefficientlytotheirdestinations.Sotheelevatorcontrolsystemisessentialinthesmoothandsafeoperationofeachelevator.Ittellstheelevatorinwhatordertostopatfloors,whentoopenorclosethedoorandifthereisasafety-criticalissue.
Thetraditionalelectricalcontrolsystemofelevatorsisarelay-controlledsystem.Ithasthedisadvantagessuchascomplicatedcircuits,highfaultratioandpoordependability;andgreatlyaffectstheelevator’srunningquality.Therefore,entrustedbyanenterprise,wehaveimprovedelectricalcontrolsystemofarelay-controlledelevatorinaresidentialbuildingbyusingPLC.Theresultshowedthatthereformedsystemisreliableinoperationandeasyformaintenance.
Thispaperintroducesthebasicstructure,controlprincipleandrealizationmethodoftheelevatorPLCcontrolsystemindetail.
II.Systemstructure
Thepurposeoftheelevatorcontrolsystemistomanagemovementofanelevatorinresponsetouser’srequests.ItismainlycomposedofIIparts:
II.I..Electricpowerdrivingsystem
Theelectricpowerdrivingsystemincludes:theelevatorcar,thetractionmotor,doormotor,brakemechanismandrelevantswitchcircuits.
HereweadoptedanewtypeofLCseriesACcontactorstoreplacetheoldones,andusedPLC’scontactstosubstitutetheplentyofintermediaterelays.Thecircuitsoftractionmotorarereserved.Thustheoriginalcontrolcabinet’sdisadvantages,suchasbigvolumeandhighnoiseareovercomeefficiently.
II.II.Signalcontrolsystem
Theelevator’scontrolsignalsaremostlyrealizedbyPLC.Theinputsignalsare:operationmodes,operationcontrolsignals,car-calls,hall-calls,safety/protectsignals,dooropen/closesignalandlevelingsignal,etc.AllcontrolfunctionsoftheelevatorsystemarerealizedbyPLCprogram,suchasregistration,displayandeliminationofhall-callsorcar-calls,positionjudgmentofelevatorcar,chooselayeranddirectionselectionoftheelevator,etc.ThePLCsignalcontrolsystemdiagramofelevatorisshowedinFigureI..
FigureI.PLCsignalcontrolsystemdiagram
II.III.Requirements
ThegoalofthedevelopmentofthecontrolsystemistocontrolIIelevatorsinaIX-storeyresidentialbuilding.
Foreachelevator,thereisasensorlocatedateveryfloor.Wecanusethesesensorstolocatethecurrentpositionoftheelevatorcar.Theelevatorardoorcanbeopenedandclosedbyadoormotor.ThereareIIsensorsonthedoorthatcaninformthecontrolsystemaboutthedoor’sposition.Thereisanothersensoronthedoorcandetectobjectswhenthedoorisclosing.Theelevatorcar’supordownmovementiscontrolledbyatractionmotor.
Everyfloor,exceptthefirstandthetopfloor,hasapairofdirectionlampsindicatingthattheelevatorismovingupordown.
Everyfloor,hasasevensegmentLEDtodisplaythecurrentlocationoftheelevatorcar.
Thefirststepforthedevelopmentoftheelevatorcontrolistodefinethebasicrequirements.Informally,theelevatorsbehaviorisdefinedasfollows.
(I.)Runningwithasingleelevator
Generally,anelevatorhasthreeoperationstates:normalmode,fire-protectionmodeandmaintenancemode.Themaintenancemodehasthehighestpriority.Onlythemaintenancemodeiscanceledcantheotheroperationmodesbeimplemented.Thenextisfire-protectionmode,theelevatormustreturntothebottomfloororbasestationimmediatelywhenthefireswitchacts.Theelevatorshouldturntonormaloperationmodewhenthefireswitchisreset.Undernormaloperationmode,thecontrolsystem’sbasictaskistocommandeachelevatortomoveupordown,tostoporstartandtoopenandclosethedoor.Butishassomeconstraintsasfollows:
EachelevatorhasasetofIXbuttonsonthecarcontrolpanel,oneforeachfloor.Thesebuttonsilluminatewhentheyarepressedandcausetheelevatortovisitthecorrespondingfloor.Theilluminationiscanceledwhenthecorrespondingfloorisvisitedbytheelevator.
Eachfloor,exceptthefirstandthetopfloor,hastwobuttonsonthefloorcontrolpanel,onetorequestanup-elevator,onetorequestadown-elevator.Thesebuttonsilluminatewhentheyarepressed.Theilluminationiscanceledwhenanelevatorvisitsthefloor,thenmovesinthedesireddirection.
Thebuttonsonthecarcontrolpanelorthefloorcontrolpanelareusedtocontroltheelevator’smotion.
Theelevatorcannotpassafloorifapassengerwantstogetoffthere.
Theelevatorcannotstopatafloorunlesssomeonewantstogetoffthere.
Theelevatorcannotchangedirectionuntilithasservedallonboardpassengerstravelinginthecurrentdirection,andahallcallcannotbeservedbyacargoinginthereversedirection.
Ifanelevatorhasnorequests,itremainsatitscurrentfloorwithitsdoorsclosed.
(II)Parallelrunningwithtwoelevators
Inthissituation,therearetwoelevatorstoservethebuildingsimultaneously.ItrunsatVIIamtoIXamandVpmtoVIIpmeveryday.
Whenanelevatorreachesalevel,itwilltestifthestopisrequiredornot.Itwillstopatthislevelwhenthestopisrequired.
Atthesametime,tobalancethenumberofstops,theoperationoftwoelevatorswillfollowacertaindispatchingprinciple.
Anelevatordoesn’tstopatafloorifanothercarisalreadystopping,orhasbeenstoppedthere.
Thenormaloperationofelevatorsisimplementedbycooperationofitselectricpowerdrivingsystemandlogiccontrolsystem.
III.Softwaredesign
Duetotherandomnatureofcalltime,calllocationsandthedestinationofpassengers,theelevatorcontrolsystemisatypicalreal-time,randomlogiccontrolsystem.HereweadoptedcollectiveselectivecontrolmethodwithsiemensPLCSVII-II00CPUIIIIVIanditsextensionmodules.ThereareIVVIinputpointsandIVVIoutputpointsinthesystem.TheI/OpointsareshowedinTableI.andTableII.
TableI.Inputpoints
TableIIOutputpoints
Aboutsoftwaredesigning,weadoptthemodularizedmethodtowriteladderdiagramprograms.TheinformationtransmissionbetweenmodulesisachievedbyintermediateregisterbitofPLC.
ThewholeprogramismainlycomposedofI.0modules:hall-callregistrationanddisplaymodule,car-callregistrationanddisplaymodule,thesignalcombinationmodule,thehall-callcancelmodule,theelevator-locationdisplaymodule,thefloorselectionmodule,themovingdirectioncontrolmodule,thedooropen/closemodule,themaintenanceoperationmoduleandthedispatchingmoduleunderparallelrunningmode.
Thedesignofthetypicalmodulesisdescribedasfollows:
III.I..Hall-callregistrationanddisplay
Therearetwokindsofcallsinanelevator:hall-callandcar-call.Whensomeonepressesabuttononthefloorcontrolpanel,thesignalwillberegisteredandthecorrespondinglampwillilluminate.Thisiscalledhall-callregistration.
Whenapassengerpressesabuttonintheelevatorcar,thesignalwillberegisteredandwiththecorrespondinglampilluminated.Thisiscalledcar-callregistration.
FigureIIshowstheladderdiagramofuphall-callsregistrationanddisplay.Theself-lockprincipleisusedtoguaranteethecalls’continuousdisplay.
FigureIIuphall-callregistrationanddisplay
III.II.Thecollectiveselectionofthecalls
Herethecollectiveselectioncontrolrulesareused.AsshowedinFigureIII,MV.I.-MV.VII,MVI.0andMVI.I.areauxiliaryrelaysinPLC.TheydenotethestoppingrequestsignalofI.sttoIXthfloorrespectively.TheauxiliaryrelayMVI.IIdenotestheelevatordriver’soperationsignal.Whenthereisacallinacertainfloor,thestoppingsignalofcorrespondingfloorwilloutput.Whentheelevatorisoperatedbythedriver,thehall-callswillnotbeserved.Andtheelevatorcannotpassaflooratwhichapassengerwishestoalight.
III.III.Thecancellationofthecalls
Theprogramofthismodulecanmaketheelevatorresponsethehall-callswhichhavethesamedirectionasthecar’scurrentdirection,andwhenahall-callisserved,itsregistrationwillbecanceled.Theladderdiagramofuphall-calls’cancellationisshowedinFigureIV.
FigureIIIThecombinationofthecalls
FigureIVThecancellationofupcalls
InFigureIV,theauxiliaryrelayMIV.0istheupmovingflagoftheelevator.Whenthecurrentdirectionoftheelevatorisup,MIV.0’scontactsareclosed;onthecontrary,whenthecurrentdirectionoftheelevatorisdown,MIV.0’scontactsareopened.M0.I.toM0.VIIdenotesthecar-calls’stoppingrequestsignaloffloorIItofloorVIIIrespectively.
Thisprogramhastwofunctions:
(I.)Maketheelevatorresponsethenormaldownhall-callswhenitismovingdown,andwhenadownhall-callisserved,itsregistrationiscanceled.
(II)Whentheelevatorismovingup,thecorrespondingfloor’sdownhall-callitpassingbyisnotservedandtheregistrationisremained.
Thecancellationofdownhall-callsisreversedwithuphall-calls.
FigureVUpmovingoftheelevator
III.IV.Elevator’sdirection
Theelevatormaybemovingupordown,dependingonthecombinationofhall-callsandcar-calls.ThefollowingladderdiagraminFig.Villustratesthattheelevatorwillmoveup.
FigureVshowsthatwhenthecallscorrespondingfloorishigherthantheelevator’scurrentlocation,theelevatorwillgoup.HeretheauxiliaryrelayMIV.0isusedastheup-movingflag.Whentheelevatorismovingup,theup-movinglampisilluminated,sotheMIV.0isconnected
on.Whentheelevatorarrivesthetopfloor,theup-movinglampisoffandthetimerstarts.After0.IIs,theMIV.0isdisconnected,theup-movingdisplayisoff.HereweusedMIV.0toreplaceQIII.I.whichcanensurethecancellation’sreliability.
III.V.Elevator’sfloor-stopping
FigureVIshowstheladderdiagramoftheelevator’sfloor-stoppingfunction.
AsshowedinFigureVI,MVI.IVistheflagoffloor-stoppingsignal.MVI.VIisthefloor-stoppingsignalsentbythedriver.MVII.0isthefiresignalsentbythefireswitch.AndMVI.VIIistheforcedspeedchangingsignal.Wheneitherofthesecontactsact,thesystemshouldsendoutthefloor-stoppingsignal.
FigureVITheelevator’sfloor-stopping
IV.Conclusions
Inthispaper,wehaveimprovedanoldelevatorcontrolsystembyusingPLC,andrealizedthegroupcontrolofIIelevators.ThenewcontrolsystemhasbeenoperatedforI.year,anditsoperationscenariosareasfollows:
(I.)Down–Peak
ThistrafficconditionconcernspeopleoutofthebuildinginthemorningbetweenVIIamtoIXam.
(II)Up–Peak
ThisconditionconcernspeopleenteringthebuildingbetweenVpmtoVIIpm.
(III)Other
ItcoversthedayfromVI:00to0:00exceptthetwosituationsabove.Andinthissituation,thereisonlyoneelevatorrunning.
Theresultsareexpressedviaanaveragewaitingtimeandmaximumwaitingtime(bothgiveninseconds)arecollectedinTablesIIIandIV.
Duetothenonparallelrunningbeforethereform,sotheaveragewaitingtimeandmaximumwaitingtimeofdown–peakandtheup–peakareverylongerthanthereformed.Thepracticeresultshaveshowedthebetterperformanceoftheimprovedcontrolsystem.
摘要
本文介绍了两台IX层住宅楼宇电梯控制系统的发展概况.该控制系统采用可编程控制器作为控制器,并使用最少等待的时间"的并联调度规则来运行II台处于平衡模式的电梯.本论文给出了PLC控制系统的基本结构,控制原理和实现方法的细节.同时还介绍了在系统关键部分的梯形图.该系统具有简单的外围电路,其运行结果表明,它增强了电梯的可靠性和性能.
I.导言
随着建筑科学的发展,建筑变得越来越高,电梯成为高层建筑中重要的垂直运输工具.它们负责把生活.工作在建筑里的或来访的乘客舒适地高效地运送到他们的目的地.因此,这种电梯控制系统对于每个电梯顺利.安全的运行是必不可少的.它告诉电梯在什么命令下平层,什么时候打开或关闭轿门以及是否存在关键的安全问题.
传统的电梯电气控制系统是I.个继电器控制系统.它有缺点如:电路复杂,故障率高和可靠性较差;以及极大地影响了电梯的运行质量.因此,由企业委托,我们已使用PLC来改进I.个住宅楼的由继电器控制的电梯电气控制系统.结果表明,改善后的系统运行可靠.维护方便.
本论文介绍了PLC控制系统的基本结构,控制原理和实现方法的细节.
II系统结构
该电梯控制系统的目的是让电梯响应乘客的要求并做出正确的运动.它主要分为两个部分:
II.I.电力驱动系统
电力驱动系统主要包括:电梯轿厢,牵引电动机,电梯门马达,制动机构和相关的开关电路.
这里,我们采用I.种新的LC型交流接触器代替旧的,并使用PLC的触点来代替大量的中继器.而牵引电动机的线路则予以保留.这样,原来控制柜体积大,噪声大的缺点就被解决了
II.II信号控制系统
电梯的控制信号大多是由PLC实现的.输入信号有:运行模式信号,操作控制信号,轿厢指令信号,厅门呼梯信号,安全/保 *好棒文|www.hbsrm.com +Q: ￥351916072￥
护信号,梯门打/关信号和平整信号等.电梯系统的所有控制功能都是由PLC程序完成的,例如:登记,显示,取消轿厢指令和厅门呼梯,判断电梯位置,选择电梯的运动方向和层等.图I.中显示了电梯的PLC控制系统框图
图I.PLC信号控制系统图
II.III需求
开发这个控制系统的目的是去控制I.幢居民楼的II个IX层电梯.
对于每I.个电梯,每I.层上都安装了I.个传感器.我们能利用这些传感器去了解电梯轿厢的实时位置.电梯轿厢的门是靠门电机来实现开启和闭合的.电梯的门上安装有II个传感器,I.个用于通知控制系统电梯门的位置,另I.个可以在电梯门关闭的时候侦测物体.电梯的上下运动则是通过牵引电动机来控制的.除了第I.层和最高层之外,每I.层都有I.对方向灯指明电梯是在上升还是下降.
每个楼层,都有I.个VII段LED用于显示电梯轿厢的当前位置.
明确基本需求是开发这个电梯控制系统的第I.步,简单来说,这两个电梯有以下行为:
(I.)I.个电梯单独运行
I.般来说,电梯有III个运行状态:正常模式,火灾保护模式和维护模式.维护模式具有最高的优先级,只有不在维护模式时,其他运行模式才能执行.其次是火灾保护模式,当火险开关作用时时,电梯必须立即回到底层或者基站.而火险开关复位后,电梯就应该回到正常运行模式.在正常操作模式下,控制系统的基本任务是指挥每个电梯上下移动,停止启动,打开和关闭电梯门.但其中也有如下的I.些限制因素:
每个电梯都有I.组IX个按钮放置在轿厢的控制面板上,每I.个对应I.层楼.当按钮被按下时,按钮就会发光并且使电梯向相应的楼层运动,当电梯到达指定楼层之后,按钮的光芒就会消失.
除了底层和顶层之外,每个楼层的控制面板上都有两个按钮.I.个按钮请求电梯上升,另I.个请求电梯下降.按钮在按下去的状态下会发光.当电梯来到乘客所在楼层时,按钮的发光消失,然后朝着期望的方向运行.
电梯轿厢的控制面板和楼层的控制面板上的按钮都是用来控制电梯运行方向的.
电梯不能漏过任何楼层,如果那个楼层有乘客想要出去.
电梯不能在没有乘客要出去的楼层停止直到将所有当前方向的乘客送达之前,电梯不能改变方向,并且,当电梯在相反方向运行时,厅门呼梯不能得到响应.
如果电梯没有接到任何需求,则停在当前层,并保持电梯门关闭.
(II)两个电梯并联运行
在这种情况下,两个电梯同时为大楼服务,从早上VII点到IX点,再从下午V点到VII点.
当电梯到达某I.层,它将测试是否需要停止,当必须停止时,电梯则会停在这I.层.
与此同时,为了平衡停止的次数,两个电梯的操作还将遵循I.定的调度原则.
电梯不会停止在I.个已经有另I.个电梯停着的楼层
正常运行模式的电梯是由电力驱动系统和逻辑控制系统共同操控的.
III软件设计
由于呼叫时间,呼叫地点,乘客目的地的随机性质,电梯控制系统是I.个典型的实时,随机逻辑控制系统.在这里,我们采用集选控制方法与西门子PLCSVII-II00CPUIIIIVI及其扩展模块.系统中有IVVI输入节点和IVVI个输出节点.I/O节点详情见表I.和表II.
表I.输入节点
描述地址
I.-VIII层向上厅门呼梯II-IX层向下厅门呼梯I.-IX层轿厢指令I.-IX抵达传感器电梯 *好棒文|www.hbsrm.com +Q: ￥351916072￥
门打开按钮电梯门关闭按钮电梯门关闭位置开关电梯门打开位置开关向上调平传感器向下调平传感器火警开关驱动器操作开关电梯门控制面板开关超载被迫速度变化开关满载I0.0-I0.VIIII..0-II..VIIIII.0-III.VII,IIII.0IIII.I.-IIII.VII,IIV.0-IIV.I.IIV.IIIIV.IIIIIV.IVIIV.VIIV.VIIIV.VIIIV.0IV.I.IV.IIIV.IIIIV.IVIV.V
表II输出节点
描述地址
I.-VIII层向上厅门呼梯灯II-IX层向下厅门呼梯灯I.-IX层轿厢指令灯向上运动指示灯向下运动指示灯电梯位置的VII段LED显示器电梯门正在打开电梯门正在关闭Q0.0-Q0.VIIQI..0-QI..VIIQII.0-QII.VII,QIII.0QIII.I.QIII.IIQIII.III-QIII.VIIQIV.0-IV.I.QIV.IIQIV.III
向上运动向下运动满载灯高速运行低速运行加速减速警告发声器QIV.IVQIV.VQIV.VIQIV.VIIQV.0QV.I.QV.II-QV.IVQV.V
关于软件设计,我们采用模块化的方法来写梯形图程序.模块之间的信息传输则依靠PLC的中间寄存器来实现.
整个程序主要由I.0个模块组成:厅门呼梯登记和显示模块,轿厢指令登记和显示模块,信号组合模块,厅门呼梯取消模块,电梯位置显示模块,楼层选择模块,移动方向控制模块,电梯门开启/关闭模块,维护操作模块和并行模式下的调度模块.以下是几个典型模块的设计描述:
III.I.厅门呼梯登记和显示模块
在电梯中有两种呼叫模式:厅门呼梯和轿厢指令.当有人按下楼层控制面板的按钮,信号就会被登记,相应的灯就点亮.这就是厅门呼梯登记.
当乘客按下电梯轿厢内的I.个按钮,信号将被登记,与之相应的灯照亮.这就是轿厢指令登记.
图II显示了向上厅门呼梯登记和显示的梯形图,自锁原则用来确保呼叫不断的显示.
图II向上厅门呼梯登记与显示
III.II呼叫的集选
这里使用了集选控制原则.就像图III中显示的那样,MV.I._MV.VII,MVI.0和MVI.I.是辅助寄存器.它们分别用来表示从I.层到IX层的停止请求信号.辅助继电器VI.II指明电梯驱动器的操作信号.如果在某I.层有I.个呼叫,相应楼层的停止信号将被输出.当电梯被驱动器运行时,厅门呼梯将无法实现.电梯无法漏过乘客要下车的任何I.层.
III.III呼叫取消
这个模块使电梯能响应与轿厢运动方向相同的厅门呼梯指令,当厅门呼梯已经得响应,它的登记将被取消.电梯向上厅门呼梯指令取消的梯形图如图IV.
图III呼梯的组合
在图IV中,辅助寄存器MIV.0是电梯向上运动的标志,当电梯的当前运动是向上,则MIV.0的触电是关闭的,反之则是打开的.M0.I.到M0.VII分别对应II楼到VIII楼的轿厢停止指令.
这个程序由两个功能:
(I.)当电梯向下运动时,使电梯能响应正常的向下厅门呼梯指令.当指令响应之后,则取消该指令的登记
(II)当电梯向下运动时,使电梯能响应正常的向下厅门呼梯指令.当指令响应之后,则取消该指令的登记
图IV向上呼梯的取消
图V电梯向上运动
(III)当电梯向下运动时,使电梯能响应正常的向下厅门呼梯指令.当指令响应之后,则取消该指令的登记
(IV)当电梯向上运动时,相应楼层向下的厅门呼梯指令不响应并保留指令的登记向下厅门呼梯的取消则与向上的正好相反.
III.IV电梯的方向
电梯可能向上或者向下运动,取决于厅门呼梯和轿厢指令,图V中的梯形图是电梯向上运动的情况.
图V表明,当呼叫的楼层比当前电梯所在楼层高时,电梯将向上运动.辅助寄存器MIV.0被用作电梯向上运动的标志.当电梯向上运动,向上运动的指示灯就被点亮.MIV.0也就被连接上了.当电梯到达顶层时,向上运动的指示灯熄灭,计时器开始运行.0.II秒之后,MIV.0被断开.向上运动显示停止.这里MIV.0代替了QIII.I.,用来确保取消的可靠性.
III.V电梯的楼层停止
图VI的是电梯楼层停止功能的梯形图.
如图VI,MVI.IV是楼层停止信号的标志,驱动器传送楼层停止信号到MVI.VI,火警开关传送火警信号给MVII.0,MVI.VII显示速度改变信号.这些接触器中的任何I.个工作,楼层停止信号就会发送.
图VI电梯的楼层停止
IV结论
这篇文章中,我们已经通过使用PLC来改进了I.个旧的电梯控制系统,并且实现了两个电梯的组控制.新的控制系统已经使用I.年,它的操作方案如下:
(I.)低峰时
从早上VII点到IX点,这时关心人们离开大楼
(II)高峰时
从下午V点到VII点,这时关心人们进入大楼
(III)其他
从早上VI点到晚上I.II点的所有时间,除了上述两段时间外,这些时候仅有I.部电梯运行.
结论通过平均等待时间和最大等待时间展现在表III和IV中
表III平均和最大等候时间(改进前)
平均最大
下行高峰VIIII.II0IIIV0.IIIIII
上行高峰VII.VIIVIIIIIIIIV.IIVI
其他IVIII.IIVIII.V.IVIII
表IV平均和最大等待时间(改进后)
平均最大
下行高峰III0.I.IIII0III.IIIIII
上行高峰IIVII.VIIII.I.IXV.II0
其他IIIVII.IIIIII.VIIIVI.IVIII
由于改进之前系统并非并行模式,因此在高峰期和低谷期的平均等待时间和最大等待时间都长于改进后的系统.实践结果表明,改进后的系统表现好于改进之前.
附件II:外文原文(复印件)
DesignandPracticeofanElevatorControlSystemBasedonPLC
Abstract
ThispaperdescribesthedevelopmentofIInine-storeyelevatorscontrolsystemforaresidentialbuilding.ThecontrolsystemadoptsPLCascontroller,andusesaparallelconnectiondispatchingrulebasedon"minimumwaitingtime"torunIIelevatorsinparallelmode.Thepapergivesthebasicstructure,controlprincipleandrealizationmethodofthePLCcontrolsystemindetail.Italsopresentstheladderdiagramofthekeyaspectsofthesystem.Thesystemhassimpleperipheralcircuitandtheoperationresultshowedthatitenhancedthereliabilityandperformanceoftheelevators.
I..Introduction
Withthedevelopmentofarchitecturetechnology,thebuildingistallerandtallerandelevatorsbecomeimportantverticaltransportationvehiclesinhigh-risebuildings.Theyareresponsibletotransportpassengers,living,workingorvisitinginthebuilding,comfortableandefficientlytotheirdestinations.Sotheelevatorcontrolsystemisessentialinthesmoothandsafeoperationofeachelevator.Ittellstheelevatorinwhatordertostopatfloors,whentoopenorclosethedoorandifthereisasafety-criticalissue.
Thetraditionalelectricalcontrolsystemofelevatorsisarelay-controlledsystem.Ithasthedisadvantagessuchascomplicatedcircuits,highfaultratioandpoordependability;andgreatlyaffectstheelevator’srunningquality.Therefore,entrustedbyanenterprise,wehaveimprovedelectricalcontrolsystemofarelay-controlledelevatorinaresidentialbuildingbyusingPLC.Theresultshowedthatthereformedsystemisreliableinoperationandeasyformaintenance.
Thispaperintroducesthebasicstructure,controlprincipleandrealizationmethodoftheelevatorPLCcontrolsystemindetail.
II.Systemstructure
Thepurposeoftheelevatorcontrolsystemistomanagemovementofanelevatorinresponsetouser’srequests.ItismainlycomposedofIIparts:
II.I..Electricpowerdrivingsystem
Theelectricpowerdrivingsystemincludes:theelevatorcar,thetractionmotor,doormotor,brakemechanismandrelevantswitchcircuits.
HereweadoptedanewtypeofLCseriesACcontactorstoreplacetheoldones,andusedPLC’scontactstosubstitutetheplentyofintermediaterelays.Thecircuitsoftractionmotorarereserved.Thustheoriginalcontrolcabinet’sdisadvantages,suchasbigvolumeandhighnoiseareovercomeefficiently.
II.II.Signalcontrolsystem
Theelevator’scontrolsignalsaremostlyrealizedbyPLC.Theinputsignalsare:operationmodes,operationcontrolsignals,car-calls,hall-calls,safety/protectsignals,dooropen/closesignalandlevelingsignal,etc.AllcontrolfunctionsoftheelevatorsystemarerealizedbyPLCprogram,suchasregistration,displayandeliminationofhall-callsorcar-calls,positionjudgmentofelevatorcar,chooselayeranddirectionselectionoftheelevator,etc.ThePLCsignalcontrolsystemdiagramofelevatorisshowedinFigureI..
FigureI.PLCsignalcontrolsystemdiagram
II.III.Requirements
ThegoalofthedevelopmentofthecontrolsystemistocontrolIIelevatorsinaIX-storeyresidentialbuilding.
Foreachelevator,thereisasensorlocatedateveryfloor.Wecanusethesesensorstolocatethecurrentpositionoftheelevatorcar.Theelevatorardoorcanbeopenedandclosedbyadoormotor.ThereareIIsensorsonthedoorthatcaninformthecontrolsystemaboutthedoor’sposition.Thereisanothersensoronthedoorcandetectobjectswhenthedoorisclosing.Theelevatorcar’supordownmovementiscontrolledbyatractionmotor.
Everyfloor,exceptthefirstandthetopfloor,hasapairofdirectionlampsindicatingthattheelevatorismovingupordown.
Everyfloor,hasasevensegmentLEDtodisplaythecurrentlocationoftheelevatorcar.
Thefirststepforthedevelopmentoftheelevatorcontrolistodefinethebasicrequirements.Informally,theelevatorsbehaviorisdefinedasfollows.
(I.)Runningwithasingleelevator
Generally,anelevatorhasthreeoperationstates:normalmode,fire-protectionmodeandmaintenancemode.Themaintenancemodehasthehighestpriority.Onlythemaintenancemodeiscanceledcantheotheroperationmodesbeimplemented.Thenextisfire-protectionmode,theelevatormustreturntothebottomfloororbasestationimmediatelywhenthefireswitchacts.Theelevatorshouldturntonormaloperationmodewhenthefireswitchisreset.Undernormaloperationmode,thecontrolsystem’sbasictaskistocommandeachelevatortomoveupordown,tostoporstartandtoopenandclosethedoor.Butishassomeconstraintsasfollows:
EachelevatorhasasetofIXbuttonsonthecarcontrolpanel,oneforeachfloor.Thesebuttonsilluminatewhentheyarepressedandcausetheelevatortovisitthecorrespondingfloor.Theilluminationiscanceledwhenthecorrespondingfloorisvisitedbytheelevator.
Eachfloor,exceptthefirstandthetopfloor,hastwobuttonsonthefloorcontrolpanel,onetorequestanup-elevator,onetorequestadown-elevator.Thesebuttonsilluminatewhentheyarepressed.Theilluminationiscanceledwhenanelevatorvisitsthefloor,thenmovesinthedesireddirection.
Thebuttonsonthecarcontrolpanelorthefloorcontrolpanelareusedtocontroltheelevator’smotion.
Theelevatorcannotpassafloorifapassengerwantstogetoffthere.
Theelevatorcannotstopatafloorunlesssomeonewantstogetoffthere.
Theelevatorcannotchangedirectionuntilithasservedallonboardpassengerstravelinginthecurrentdirection,andahallcallcannotbeservedbyacargoinginthereversedirection.
Ifanelevatorhasnorequests,itremainsatitscurrentfloorwithitsdoorsclosed.
(II)Parallelrunningwithtwoelevators
Inthissituation,therearetwoelevatorstoservethebuildingsimultaneously.ItrunsatVIIamtoIXamandVpmtoVIIpmeveryday.
Whenanelevatorreachesalevel,itwilltestifthestopisrequiredornot.Itwillstopatthislevelwhenthestopisrequired.
Atthesametime,tobalancethenumberofstops,theoperationoftwoelevatorswillfollowacertaindispatchingprinciple.
Anelevatordoesn’tstopatafloorifanothercarisalreadystopping,orhasbeenstoppedthere.
Thenormaloperationofelevatorsisimplementedbycooperationofitselectricpowerdrivingsystemandlogiccontrolsystem.
III.Softwaredesign
Duetotherandomnatureofcalltime,calllocationsandthedestinationofpassengers,theelevatorcontrolsystemisatypicalreal-time,randomlogiccontrolsystem.HereweadoptedcollectiveselectivecontrolmethodwithsiemensPLCSVII-II00CPUIIIIVIanditsextensionmodules.ThereareIVVIinputpointsandIVVIoutputpointsinthesystem.TheI/OpointsareshowedinTableI.andTableII.
TableI.Inputpoints
TableIIOutputpoints
Aboutsoftwaredesigning,weadoptthemodularizedmethodtowriteladderdiagramprograms.TheinformationtransmissionbetweenmodulesisachievedbyintermediateregisterbitofPLC.
ThewholeprogramismainlycomposedofI.0modules:hall-callregistrationanddisplaymodule,car-callregistrationanddisplaymodule,thesignalcombinationmodule,thehall-callcancelmodule,theelevator-locationdisplaymodule,thefloorselectionmodule,themovingdirectioncontrolmodule,thedooropen/closemodule,themaintenanceoperationmoduleandthedispatchingmoduleunderparallelrunningmode.
Thedesignofthetypicalmodulesisdescribedasfollows:
III.I..Hall-callregistrationanddisplay
Therearetwokindsofcallsinanelevator:hall-callandcar-call.Whensomeonepressesabuttononthefloorcontrolpanel,thesignalwillberegisteredandthecorrespondinglampwillilluminate.Thisiscalledhall-callregistration.
Whenapassengerpressesabuttonintheelevatorcar,thesignalwillberegisteredandwiththecorrespondinglampilluminated.Thisiscalledcar-callregistration.
FigureIIshowstheladderdiagramofuphall-callsregistrationanddisplay.Theself-lockprincipleisusedtoguaranteethecalls’continuousdisplay.
FigureIIuphall-callregistrationanddisplay
III.II.Thecollectiveselectionofthecalls
Herethecollectiveselectioncontrolrulesareused.AsshowedinFigureIII,MV.I.-MV.VII,MVI.0andMVI.I.areauxiliaryrelaysinPLC.TheydenotethestoppingrequestsignalofI.sttoIXthfloorrespectively.TheauxiliaryrelayMVI.IIdenotestheelevatordriver’soperationsignal.Whenthereisacallinacertainfloor,thestoppingsignalofcorrespondingfloorwilloutput.Whentheelevatorisoperatedbythedriver,thehall-callswillnotbeserved.Andtheelevatorcannotpassaflooratwhichapassengerwishestoalight.
III.III.Thecancellationofthecalls
Theprogramofthismodulecanmaketheelevatorresponsethehall-callswhichhavethesamedirectionasthecar’scurrentdirection,andwhenahall-callisserved,itsregistrationwillbecanceled.Theladderdiagramofuphall-calls’cancellationisshowedinFigureIV.
FigureIIIThecombinationofthecalls
FigureIVThecancellationofupcalls
InFigureIV,theauxiliaryrelayMIV.0istheupmovingflagoftheelevator.Whenthecurrentdirectionoftheelevatorisup,MIV.0’scontactsareclosed;onthecontrary,whenthecurrentdirectionoftheelevatorisdown,MIV.0’scontactsareopened.M0.I.toM0.VIIdenotesthecar-calls’stoppingrequestsignaloffloorIItofloorVIIIrespectively.
Thisprogramhastwofunctions:
(I.)Maketheelevatorresponsethenormaldownhall-callswhenitismovingdown,andwhenadownhall-callisserved,itsregistrationiscanceled.
(II)Whentheelevatorismovingup,thecorrespondingfloor’sdownhall-callitpassingbyisnotservedandtheregistrationisremained.
Thecancellationofdownhall-callsisreversedwithuphall-calls.
FigureVUpmovingoftheelevator
III.IV.Elevator’sdirection
Theelevatormaybemovingupordown,dependingonthecombinationofhall-callsandcar-calls.ThefollowingladderdiagraminFig.Villustratesthattheelevatorwillmoveup.
FigureVshowsthatwhenthecallscorrespondingfloorishigherthantheelevator’scurrentlocation,theelevatorwillgoup.HeretheauxiliaryrelayMIV.0isusedastheup-movingflag.Whentheelevatorismovingup,theup-movinglampisilluminated,sotheMIV.0isconnected
on.Whentheelevatorarrivesthetopfloor,theup-movinglampisoffandthetimerstarts.After0.IIs,theMIV.0isdisconnected,theup-movingdisplayisoff.HereweusedMIV.0toreplaceQIII.I.whichcanensurethecancellation’sreliability.
III.V.Elevator’sfloor-stopping
FigureVIshowstheladderdiagramoftheelevator’sfloor-stoppingfunction.
AsshowedinFigureVI,MVI.IVistheflagoffloor-stoppingsignal.MVI.VIisthefloor-stoppingsignalsentbythedriver.MVII.0isthefiresignalsentbythefireswitch.AndMVI.VIIistheforcedspeedchangingsignal.Wheneitherofthesecontactsact,thesystemshouldsendoutthefloor-stoppingsignal.
FigureVITheelevator’sfloor-stopping
IV.Conclusions
Inthispaper,wehaveimprovedanoldelevatorcontrolsystembyusingPLC,andrealizedthegroupcontrolofIIelevators.ThenewcontrolsystemhasbeenoperatedforI.year,anditsoperationscenariosareasfollows:
(I.)Down–Peak
ThistrafficconditionconcernspeopleoutofthebuildinginthemorningbetweenVIIamtoIXam.
(II)Up–Peak
ThisconditionconcernspeopleenteringthebuildingbetweenVpmtoVIIpm.
(III)Other
ItcoversthedayfromVI:00to0:00exceptthetwosituationsabove.Andinthissituation,thereisonlyoneelevatorrunning.
Theresultsareexpressedviaanaveragewaitingtimeandmaximumwaitingtime(bothgiveninseconds)arecollectedinTablesIIIandIV.
Duetothenonparallelrunningbeforethereform,sotheaveragewaitingtimeandmaximumwaitingtimeofdown–peakandtheup–peakareverylongerthanthereformed.Thepracticeresultshaveshowedthebetterperformanceoftheimprovedcontrolsystem.
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