单片机技术的数字电压表
单片机技术的数字电压表
单片机广泛应用于商业:诸如调制解调器,电动机控制系统,空调控制系统,汽车发动机和其他I.些领域.这些单片机的高速处理速度和增强型外围设备集合使得它们适合于这种高速事件应用场合.然而,这些关键应用领域也要求这些单片机高度可靠.健壮的测试环境和用于验证这些无论在元部件层次还是系统级别的单片机的合适的工具环境保证了高可靠性和低市场风险.Intel平台工程部门开发了I.种面向对象的用于验证它的ATVIIIIXCVI.汽车单片机多线性测试环境.这种环境的目标不仅是为ATVIIIIXCVI.汽车单片机提供I.种健壮测试环境,而且开发I.种能够容易扩重复用来验证其他几种将来的单片机.开发的这种环境连接了ATVIIIIXCVI..
单片机是指I.个集成在I.块芯片上的完整计算机系统.尽管他的大部分功能集成在I.块小芯片上,但是它具有I.个完整计算机所需要的大部分部件:CPU.内存.内部和外部总线系统,目前大部分还会具有外存.同时集成诸如通讯接口.计时器,实时时钟等外围设备.而现在最强大的单片机系统甚至可以将声音.图像.网络.复杂的输入输出系统集成在I.块芯片上.
单片机也被称为微处理器(Microcontroller),是因为它最早被用在工业控制领域.单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来.最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在I.个芯片中,使计算机系统更小,更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中.INTEL的ZVIII0是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器,从此以后,单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳.
目前单片机渗透到我们生活的各个领域,几乎很难找到哪个领域没有单片机的踪迹.导弹的导航装置,飞机上各种仪表的控制,计算机的网络通讯与数据传输,工业自动化过程的实时控制和数据处理,广泛使用的各种智能IC卡,民用豪华 *好棒文|www.hbsrm.com +Q: ^351916072*
轿车的安全保障系统,录像机.摄像机.全自动洗衣机的控制,以及程控玩具.电子宠物等等,这些都离不开单片机.更不用说自动控制领域的机器人.智能仪表.医疗器械了.
纵观单片机的发展过程,可以预示单片机的发展趋势,大致有:
I.．低功耗CMOS化
MCS-VI.系列的VIII0IIII.推出时的功耗达VIIII0mW,而现在的单片机普遍都在I.00mW左右,随着对单片机功耗要求越来越低,现在的各个单片机制造商基本都采用了CMOS(互补金属氧化物半导体工艺).象VIII0CVI.就采用了HMOS(即高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)和CHMOS(互补高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺).CMOS虽然功耗较低,但由于其物理特征决定其工作速度不够高,而CHMOS则具备了高速和低功耗的特点,这些特征,更适合于在要求低功耗象电池供电的应用场合.所以这种工艺将是今后I.段时期单片机发展的主要途径.
II．微型单片化
现在常规的单片机普遍都是将中央处理器(CPU).随机存取数据存储(RAM).只读程序存储器(ROM).并行和串行通信接口,中断系统.定时电路.时钟电路集成在I.块单I.的芯片上,增强型的单片机集成了如A/D转换器.PMW(脉宽调制电路).WDT(看门狗).有些单片机将LCD(液晶)驱动电路都集成在单I.的芯片上,这样单片机包含的单元电路就更多,功能就越强大.甚至单片机厂商还可以根据用户的要求量身定做,制造出具有自己特色的单片机芯片.
III．主流与多品种共存
虽然单片机的品种繁多,各具特色,但仍以VIII0CVI.为核心的单片机占主流,兼容其结构和指令系统的有PHILIPS公司的产品,ATMEL公司的产品和中国台湾的Winbond系列单片机.所以CVIII0VI.为核心的单片机占据了半壁江山.而Microchip公司的PIC精简指令集(RISC)也有着强劲的发展势头,中国台湾的HOLTEK公司近年的单片机产量与日俱增,与其低价质优的优势,占据I.定的市场分额.此外还有MOTOROLA公司的产品,日本几大公司的专用单片机.在I.定的时期内,这种情形将得以延续,将不存在某个单片机I.统天下的垄断局面,走的是依存互补,相辅相成.共同发展的道路.
ATVIIIIXCVI.是I.种带IVK字节闪烁可编程可擦除只读存储器的低电压,高性能CMOSVIII位微处理器,俗称单片机.ATVIIIIXCII0VI.是I.种带IIK字节闪烁可编程可擦除只读存储器的单片机.单片机的可擦除只读存储器可以反复擦除I.00次.该器件采用ATMEL高密度非易失存储器制造技术制造,与工业标准的MCS-VI.指令集和输出管脚相兼容.由于将多功能VIII位CPU和闪烁存储器组合在单个芯片中,ATMEL的ATVIIIIXCVI.是I.种高效微控制器,ATVIIIIXCII0VI.是它的I.种精简版本.ATVIIIIXC单片机为很多嵌入式控制系统提供了I.种灵活性高且价廉的方案.
ATVIIIIXCVI.主要性能:
I.．与MCS-VI.兼容
II．IVK字节可编程闪烁存储器
III．寿命:I.000写/擦循环
IV．数据保留时间:I.0年
V．全静态工作:0Hz-IIIVMHz
VI．III级程序存储器锁定
VII．I.IIVIII×VIII位内部RAM
VIII．IIIII可编程I *好棒文|www.hbsrm.com +Q: ^351916072*
/O线
IX．两个I.VI位定时器/计数器
I.0．V个中断源
I.I.．可编程串行通道
I.II．低功耗的闲置和掉电模式
I.III．片内振荡器和时钟电路
数字电压表简称DVM,它是采用数字化测量技术,把连续的模拟量(直流输入电压)转换成不连续.离散的数字形式并加以显示的仪表.
数字电压表的特点:
I.．显示清晰直观,读数准确
传统的模拟式仪表必须借助于指针和刻度盘进行读数,在读数过程中不可避免的会引入人为的测量误差.数字电压表则采用先进的数显技术,使测量结果I.目了然,只要仪表不发生跳读现象,测量结果就是唯I.的.
II．显示位数
显示位数通常为IIII./II位.IIIII/III位.IIIIII/IV/位.IVI./II位.IVIII/IV位.VI./II位.VII./II位.VIII./II位.VIIII./II位共IX种.判定数字仪表的位数有两条原则:①能显示0～IX所有数字的位是整数位;②分数位的数值是以最大显示值中最高位数字为分子,用满量程时最高数字作分母.例如,某数字仪表的最大显示值为I.IXIXIX,满量程计数值为II000,这表明该仪表有III个整数位,而分数位的分子为I.,分母是II,故称之为IIII./II位,读作III位半.
III．准确度高
准确度是测量结果中系统误差与随机误差的综合.
IV．分辨率高
数字电压表在最低电压量程上末位I.个字所代表的电压值,称为仪表的分辨力,它反映仪表灵敏度的高低.分辨力随显示位数的增加而提高.分辨率是指所能显示的最小数字(零除外)与最大数字的百分比.例如IIII./II位DVM的分辨率为I./I.IXIXIX≈0.0V％.需要指出,分辨力与准确度属于两个不同的观念.从测量角度看,分辨力是"虚"指标(与测量误差无关),准确度才是"实"指标(代表测量误差的大小).
V．测量范围宽
多量程DVMI.般可测量0～I.000V直流电压,配上高压探头还可测上万的高压.
A/D转换器是数字电压表.数字多用表及测量系统的"心脏".目前国内外生产的A/D转换器已达数百种,大致可分为V大类:I..单片A/D转换器;II.单片DMM专用IC;III.多重显示仪表专用IC;IV.专供数字仪表使用的特制IC(ASIC);V.其他通用型A/D转换器,这种芯片仅能完成模/数转换,不能直接配数字仪表.
数字电压表数字仪表是I.个很大的的核心和基础的数字电压表就像I.个连续的模拟直流电压到离散非连续数字形式显示,这是不同于传统百分表增加读数的方法避免错误的阅读和视觉疲劳.目前,数字万用表是I.个核心组成部分的内部A/D转换器,转换器,在很大程度上影响精度的准确性数字万用表的设计-数字电压表A/D转换器ADC0VIII0IV用于转换模拟信号输入,ATVIIIIXCVI.控制的核将使单片机复位.心成果的转化和加工业务,最终输出设备驱动程序的数目电压信号.数字电压表数字仪表是I.个很大的的核心和基础的数字电压表就像I.个连续的模拟直流电压到离散非连续数字形式显示,这是不同于传统百分表增加读数的方法避免错误的阅读和视觉疲劳.目前,数字万用表是I.个核心组成部分的内部A/D转换器,转换器,在很大程度上影响精度的准确性数字万用表的设计-数字电压表A/D转换器ADC0VIII0IV用于转换模拟信号输入,ATVIIIIXCVI.控制的核心成果的转化和加工业务,最终输出设备驱动程序的数目电压信号.可进行的LED显示屏将显示电压值的小数点后I.位.
采用新技术.新工艺,由LSI和VLSI构成的新型数字仪表及高档智能仪器的大量问世,标志着电子仪器领域的I.场革命,也开创了现代电子测量技术的先河.附件II:外文原文
digitalvoltagemeterBasedonsingle-chiptechnology
Microcontrollersareusedinamultitudeofcommercialapplicationssuchasmodems,motor-controlsystems,airconditionercontrolsystems,automotiveengineandamongothers.Thehighprocessingspeedandenhancedperipheralsetofthesemicrocontrollersmakethemsuitableforsuchhigh-speedevent-basedapplications.However,thesecriticalapplicationdomainsalsorequirethatthesemicrocontrollersarehighlyreliable.Thehighreliabilityandlowmarketriskscanbeensuredbyarobusttestingprocessandapropertoolsenvironmentforthevalidationofthesemicrocontrollersbothatthecomponentandatthesystemlevel.IntelPlaformEngineeringdepartmentdevelopedanobject-orientedmulti-threadedtestenvironmentforthevalidationofitsATVIIIIXCVI.automotivemicrocontrollers.ThegoalsofthisenvironmentwasnotonlytoprovidearobusttestingenvironmentfortheATVIIIIXCVI.automotivemicrocontrollers,buttodevelopanenvironmentwhichcanbeeasilyextendedandreusedforthevalidationofseveralotherfuturemicrocontrollers.TheenvironmentwasdevelopedinconjunctionwithMicrosoftFoundationClasses(ATVIIIIXCVI.).
Singlechipisanintegratedonasinglechipacompletecomputersystem.Eventhoughmostofhisfeaturesinasmallchip,butithasaneedtocompletethemajorityofcomputercomponents:CPU,memory,internalandexternalbussystem,mostwillhavetheCore.Atthesametime,suchasintegratedcommunicationinterfaces,timers,real-timeclockandotherperipheralequipment.Andnowthemostpowerfulsingle-chipmicrocomputersystemcanevenvoice,image,networking,inputandoutputcomplexsystemintegrationonasinglechip.
Alsoknownassingle-chipmicroprocessor,firstbecauseitwasusedinthefieldofindustrialcontrol.Onlybythesingle-chipCPUchipdevelopedfromthededicatedprocessor.ThedesignconceptisthefirstbyalargenumberofperipheralsandCPUinasinglechip,thecomputersystemsothatsmaller,moreeasilyintegratedintothecomplexanddemandingonthevolumecontroldevices.INTELtheZVIII0isoneofthefirstdesigninaccordancewiththeideaoftheprocessor,Fromthenon,theMCUandthedevelopmentofadedicatedprocessorpartedways.
Atpresent,single-chiptoinfiltrateallareasofourlives,whichisverydifficulttofindtheareaofalmostnotracesofsingle-chipmicrocomputer.Missilenavigationequipment,aircraftcontrolonavarietyofinstruments,computernetworkcommunicationsanddatatransmission,industrialautomation,real-timeprocesscontrolanddataprocessing,arewidelyusedinavarietyofsmartICcard,limousineciviliansecuritysystems,videorecorders,cameras,thecontrolofautomaticwashingmachines,aswellasprogram-controlledtoys,electronicpet,etc.,whichareinseparablefromthesingle-chipmicrocomputer.Nottomentionthefieldofrobotautomation,intelligentinstrumentation,medicalequipmenthasbeen.
Throughoutthedevelopmentprocessofsingle-chip,youcanindicatethedevelopmenttrendofsingle-chip,generallyare:
I..Oflow-powerCMOS
MCS-VI.seriesofVIII0IIII.introducedthepowerconsumptionofVIIII0mW,andnowwidespreadinthesingle-chipI.00mWorso,withthegrowingdemandforlow-powersingle-chip,andnowallthebasicsingle-chipmanufacturersareuseofCMOS(complementarymetaloxidesemiconductorprocess).AstheVIII0CVI.ontheuseofHMOS(highdensitymetaloxidesemiconductorprocess)andCHMOS(high-densitycomplementarymetaloxidesemiconductorprocess).AlthoughtheCMOSlowpowerconsumption,butbecauseofitsphysicalcharacteristicstodetermineitsspeedisnothighenough,andthenCHMOSwithhigh-speedandlowpowerconsumptioncharacteristicsofthesefeatures,itismoresuitableinlowpowerconsumption,asbattery-poweredapplications.Therefore,theprocessforsometimetocomewillbethemainwaytodevelopsingle-chipmicrocomputer.
II.Singal-chipofmicro-chip
Nowgenerallyinconventionalsingle-chipwillbethecentralprocessingunit(CPU),randomaccessdatastorage(RAM),read-onlyprogrammemory(ROM),parallelandserialcommunicationinterface,systeminterruption,timingcircuits,integratedcircuitclockinasinglechip,enhancedsingle-chipintegration,suchasA/Dconverter,PMW(pulsewidthmodulationcircuit),WDT(watchdog),andsomewillbesingle-chipLCD(LCD)driverintegratedcircuitsareinasinglechip,thisunitincludessingle-chipcircuitsonmoreandmorepowerfulfeatures.Evensingle-chipmanufacturerscanalsobetailoredinaccordancewiththerequirementsofusers,tocreateasinglechipwithitsownchipcharacteristics.
III.Mainstreamandmulti-speciescoexistence
Althoughawidevarietyofsingle-chip,unique,butstillsingle-chipmicrocomputerVIII0CVI.prevailingatthecore,compatiblewithitsstructureandcommandsystemofPHILIPSproducts,ATMELcompanysproductsandChinaTaiwansWinbondSeriessingle-chipmachine.Therefore,single-chipmicrocomputerasthecoreCVIII0VI.occupiedthehalf.MicrochipsPICandreducedinstructionset(RISC)hasastrongdevelopmentmomentumofChinaTaiwanHOLTEKsingle-chipcompaniesinrecentyears,increasingproduction,withitshighqualitylow-costadvantages,tooccupyacertainmarketshare.MOTOROLAadditiontothecompanysproducts,severallargecompaniesinJapansexclusivesingle-chipmicrocomputer.Acertainperiodoftime,thissituationwillcontinuetobeupheld,therewillnotbeasingle-chipmonopolydomination,takingthecomplementaryinterdependence,complementarityandcommondevelopment.
ATVIIIIXCVI.isaflickerwithIVKbytesEEPROM-programmablelow-voltage,high-performancedigitalmicroprocessorsCMOSVIII,commonlyknownassingle-chipmicrocomputer.ATVIIIIXCII0VI.isaflickerwithIIKbytesEEPROMprogrammablemicrocontroller.MCUEEPROMerasurecanberepeatedI.00times.ThedeviceATMELmanufacturehigh-densitynonvolatilememorytechnologywithindustry-standardMCS-VI.instructionsetandpincompatibleoutput.Owingtothemulti-purposeVIII-bitCPUandflashmemorychipsinasingleportfolio,ATMELsATVIIIIXCVI.microcontrollerisahighlyefficient,ATVIIIIXCII0VI.isastreamlinedversionofit.ATVIIIIXCsingle-chipembeddedcontrolsystemformanyprovidesaflexibleandinexpensiveprogram.
ATVIIIIXCVI.performance:
I..AndMCS-VI.compatible
II.IVKbytesofprogrammableFlashMemory
III.Lifeexpectancy:I.000write/wipecycle
IV.Dataretentiontime:I.0years
V.Staticworkofthewhole:0Hz-IIIVMHz
VI.Three-levelProgramMemoryLock
VII.I.IIVIII×VIII-bitinternalRAM
VIII.IIIIIProgrammableI/Olines
IX.TwoI.VI-bittimer/counter
I.0.VInterruptSources
I.I..ProgrammableSerialChannel
I.II.Low-poweridleandpower-downmode
I.III.Chiposcillatorandclockcircuitry
ReferredtoasdigitalvoltagemeterDVM,itisadigitalmeasurementtechnology,thecontinuousanalog(DCinputvoltage)intoanon-continuous,discretedigitalformandtheinstrumentdisplay.
Thecharacteristicsofdigitalvoltagemeter:
I..Showaclearintuitive,accuratereadings
Traditionalanalogueinstrumentsthroughtheuseofindicatorsmustbecarriedoutanddialreadingsinthereadingprocesswillbeintroducedtotheinevitablehumanerror.Digitalvoltagemeteristheuseofadvanceddigitaldisplaytechnology,sothatthemeasurementresultsataglance,aslongasthemeterjumpphenomenondoesnotoccur,themeasurementresultsisunique.
II.Showthatthemedian
ShowthatthemedianisusuallyIIII./II,IIIII/III,IIIIII/IV/spaces,IVI./II,IVIII/IV,VI./II,VII./II,VIII./II,VIIII./IIAtotalofIX.Determinethemediannumberofinstrumentstherearetwoprinciples:I..candisplayallthenumbers0toIXaretheinteger-bit;Score-bitnumericalvalueisbasedonthelargestshowthehighestnumberofelements,withthehighestnumberoffull-scaleasthedenominator.
III.Highaccuracy
Accuracyofresultsisameasureofsystematicerrorandrandomerroroftheintegrated.
IV.Highresolution
Digitalvoltagemeteratthelowestvoltagerangeonthebottomofacharacterrepresentedbythevoltagevalue,knownastheinstrumentoftheresolution,whichreflectsthelevelofinstrumentsensitivity.Withthedisplayresolutionincreasesthemedian.Resolutionreferstothesmallestcanbeshowninthefigures(exceptzero)andthelargestpercentageofthenumber.Forexample,IIII./IIDVMofaresolutionofI./I.IXIXIX≈0.0V%.Benotedthattheresolutionandaccuracyaretwodifferentconcepts.Fromthemeasurementpointofview,theresolutionis"true"indicators(withmeasurementerrorhasnothingtodo),theaccuracyisthe"real"target(onbehalfofthesizeofmeasurementerror).
V.Widemeasuringrange
DVMgenerallymoremeasurablerange0~I.000VDCvoltage,highvoltageprobecanbemeasuredwiththemillion-volthigh-pressure.
A/Dconverter[IV]isadigitalvoltagemeter,digitalmultimeterandmeasuringsystemthe"heart."Atpresent,domesticproductionofA/Dconverterhasreachedhundredsofspeciescanbebroadlydividedintofivemaincategories:I..monolithicA/Dconverter;II.DMMdedicatedsingle-chipIC;III.dedicatedmulti-displaymeterIC;IV.fordigitaltheuseofspecialinstrumentationIC(ASIC);V.othergeneral-purposeA/Dconverter,thechipcanonlycompleteA/Dconverter,notdirectlywiththenumberofinstruments.
DigitalvoltagemeterdigitalmeterisagreatcoreandfoundationofthedigitalvoltagemeterasacontinuousanalogDCvoltagetoadiscreteformofnon-sequentialnumbers,whichisdifferentfromtraditionaldialindicatorreadingstoincreasethewaystoavoiderrorsinreadingandvisualfatigue.Atpresent,thedigitalmultimeterisacorecomponentoftheinternalA/Dconverter,converter,toalargeextentaffecttheaccuracyoftheaccuracyofthedesignofdigitalmultimeter-DigitalVoltageMeterA/DconverterforconvertinganalogsignalsADC0VIII0IVinput,ATVIIIIXCVI.controlstheheartofthetransformationandprocessingtheresultsofoperations,thefinaloutputdevicedrivernumberofvoltagesignal.DigitalvoltagemeterdigitalmeterisagreatcoreandfoundationofthedigitalvoltagemeterasacontinuousanalogDCvoltagetoadiscreteformofnon-sequentialnumbers,whichisdifferentfromtraditionaldialindicatorreadingstoincreasethewaystoavoiderrorsinreadingandvisualfatigue.Atpresent,thedigitalmultimeterisacorecomponentoftheinternalA/Dconverter,converter,toalargeextentaffecttheaccuracyoftheaccuracyofthedesignofdigitalmultimeter-DigitalVoltageMeterA/DconverterforconvertinganalogsignalsADC0VIII0IVinput,ATVIIIIXCVI.controlstheheartofthetransformationandprocessingtheresultsofoperations,thefinaloutputdevicedrivernumberofvoltagesignal.LEDdisplaycanbecarriedoutwillbedisplayedafterthedecimalpointvoltagevalueofone.
Adoptionofnewtechnologies,newprocesses,fromLSIandVLSIconstituteanewtypeofdigitalinstrumentationandalargenumberofhigh-endsmartdevicesavailable,thefieldofelectronicdevicesmarkedarevolutionincreatingamodernpioneerofelectronicmeasurementtechnology.
单片机广泛应用于商业:诸如调制解调器,电动机控制系统,空调控制系统,汽车发动机和其他I.些领域.这些单片机的高速处理速度和增强型外围设备集合使得它们适合于这种高速事件应用场合.然而,这些关键应用领域也要求这些单片机高度可靠.健壮的测试环境和用于验证这些无论在元部件层次还是系统级别的单片机的合适的工具环境保证了高可靠性和低市场风险.Intel平台工程部门开发了I.种面向对象的用于验证它的ATVIIIIXCVI.汽车单片机多线性测试环境.这种环境的目标不仅是为ATVIIIIXCVI.汽车单片机提供I.种健壮测试环境,而且开发I.种能够容易扩重复用来验证其他几种将来的单片机.开发的这种环境连接了ATVIIIIXCVI..
单片机是指I.个集成在I.块芯片上的完整计算机系统.尽管他的大部分功能集成在I.块小芯片上,但是它具有I.个完整计算机所需要的大部分部件:CPU.内存.内部和外部总线系统,目前大部分还会具有外存.同时集成诸如通讯接口.计时器,实时时钟等外围设备.而现在最强大的单片机系统甚至可以将声音.图像.网络.复杂的输入输出系统集成在I.块芯片上.
单片机也被称为微处理器(Microcontroller),是因为它最早被用在工业控制领域.单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来.最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在I.个芯片中,使计算机系统更小,更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中.INTEL的ZVIII0是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器,从此以后,单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳.
目前单片机渗透到我们生活的各个领域,几乎很难找到哪个领域没有单片机的踪迹.导弹的导航装置,飞机上各种仪表的控制,计算机的网络通讯与数据传输,工业自动化过程的实时控制和数据处理,广泛使用的各种智能IC卡,民用豪华 *好棒文|www.hbsrm.com +Q: ^351916072*
轿车的安全保障系统,录像机.摄像机.全自动洗衣机的控制,以及程控玩具.电子宠物等等,这些都离不开单片机.更不用说自动控制领域的机器人.智能仪表.医疗器械了.
纵观单片机的发展过程,可以预示单片机的发展趋势,大致有:
I.．低功耗CMOS化
MCS-VI.系列的VIII0IIII.推出时的功耗达VIIII0mW,而现在的单片机普遍都在I.00mW左右,随着对单片机功耗要求越来越低,现在的各个单片机制造商基本都采用了CMOS(互补金属氧化物半导体工艺).象VIII0CVI.就采用了HMOS(即高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)和CHMOS(互补高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺).CMOS虽然功耗较低,但由于其物理特征决定其工作速度不够高,而CHMOS则具备了高速和低功耗的特点,这些特征,更适合于在要求低功耗象电池供电的应用场合.所以这种工艺将是今后I.段时期单片机发展的主要途径.
II．微型单片化
现在常规的单片机普遍都是将中央处理器(CPU).随机存取数据存储(RAM).只读程序存储器(ROM).并行和串行通信接口,中断系统.定时电路.时钟电路集成在I.块单I.的芯片上,增强型的单片机集成了如A/D转换器.PMW(脉宽调制电路).WDT(看门狗).有些单片机将LCD(液晶)驱动电路都集成在单I.的芯片上,这样单片机包含的单元电路就更多,功能就越强大.甚至单片机厂商还可以根据用户的要求量身定做,制造出具有自己特色的单片机芯片.
III．主流与多品种共存
虽然单片机的品种繁多,各具特色,但仍以VIII0CVI.为核心的单片机占主流,兼容其结构和指令系统的有PHILIPS公司的产品,ATMEL公司的产品和中国台湾的Winbond系列单片机.所以CVIII0VI.为核心的单片机占据了半壁江山.而Microchip公司的PIC精简指令集(RISC)也有着强劲的发展势头,中国台湾的HOLTEK公司近年的单片机产量与日俱增,与其低价质优的优势,占据I.定的市场分额.此外还有MOTOROLA公司的产品,日本几大公司的专用单片机.在I.定的时期内,这种情形将得以延续,将不存在某个单片机I.统天下的垄断局面,走的是依存互补,相辅相成.共同发展的道路.
ATVIIIIXCVI.是I.种带IVK字节闪烁可编程可擦除只读存储器的低电压,高性能CMOSVIII位微处理器,俗称单片机.ATVIIIIXCII0VI.是I.种带IIK字节闪烁可编程可擦除只读存储器的单片机.单片机的可擦除只读存储器可以反复擦除I.00次.该器件采用ATMEL高密度非易失存储器制造技术制造,与工业标准的MCS-VI.指令集和输出管脚相兼容.由于将多功能VIII位CPU和闪烁存储器组合在单个芯片中,ATMEL的ATVIIIIXCVI.是I.种高效微控制器,ATVIIIIXCII0VI.是它的I.种精简版本.ATVIIIIXC单片机为很多嵌入式控制系统提供了I.种灵活性高且价廉的方案.
ATVIIIIXCVI.主要性能:
I.．与MCS-VI.兼容
II．IVK字节可编程闪烁存储器
III．寿命:I.000写/擦循环
IV．数据保留时间:I.0年
V．全静态工作:0Hz-IIIVMHz
VI．III级程序存储器锁定
VII．I.IIVIII×VIII位内部RAM
VIII．IIIII可编程I *好棒文|www.hbsrm.com +Q: ^351916072*
/O线
IX．两个I.VI位定时器/计数器
I.0．V个中断源
I.I.．可编程串行通道
I.II．低功耗的闲置和掉电模式
I.III．片内振荡器和时钟电路
数字电压表简称DVM,它是采用数字化测量技术,把连续的模拟量(直流输入电压)转换成不连续.离散的数字形式并加以显示的仪表.
数字电压表的特点:
I.．显示清晰直观,读数准确
传统的模拟式仪表必须借助于指针和刻度盘进行读数,在读数过程中不可避免的会引入人为的测量误差.数字电压表则采用先进的数显技术,使测量结果I.目了然,只要仪表不发生跳读现象,测量结果就是唯I.的.
II．显示位数
显示位数通常为IIII./II位.IIIII/III位.IIIIII/IV/位.IVI./II位.IVIII/IV位.VI./II位.VII./II位.VIII./II位.VIIII./II位共IX种.判定数字仪表的位数有两条原则:①能显示0～IX所有数字的位是整数位;②分数位的数值是以最大显示值中最高位数字为分子,用满量程时最高数字作分母.例如,某数字仪表的最大显示值为I.IXIXIX,满量程计数值为II000,这表明该仪表有III个整数位,而分数位的分子为I.,分母是II,故称之为IIII./II位,读作III位半.
III．准确度高
准确度是测量结果中系统误差与随机误差的综合.
IV．分辨率高
数字电压表在最低电压量程上末位I.个字所代表的电压值,称为仪表的分辨力,它反映仪表灵敏度的高低.分辨力随显示位数的增加而提高.分辨率是指所能显示的最小数字(零除外)与最大数字的百分比.例如IIII./II位DVM的分辨率为I./I.IXIXIX≈0.0V％.需要指出,分辨力与准确度属于两个不同的观念.从测量角度看,分辨力是"虚"指标(与测量误差无关),准确度才是"实"指标(代表测量误差的大小).
V．测量范围宽
多量程DVMI.般可测量0～I.000V直流电压,配上高压探头还可测上万的高压.
A/D转换器是数字电压表.数字多用表及测量系统的"心脏".目前国内外生产的A/D转换器已达数百种,大致可分为V大类:I..单片A/D转换器;II.单片DMM专用IC;III.多重显示仪表专用IC;IV.专供数字仪表使用的特制IC(ASIC);V.其他通用型A/D转换器,这种芯片仅能完成模/数转换,不能直接配数字仪表.
数字电压表数字仪表是I.个很大的的核心和基础的数字电压表就像I.个连续的模拟直流电压到离散非连续数字形式显示,这是不同于传统百分表增加读数的方法避免错误的阅读和视觉疲劳.目前,数字万用表是I.个核心组成部分的内部A/D转换器,转换器,在很大程度上影响精度的准确性数字万用表的设计-数字电压表A/D转换器ADC0VIII0IV用于转换模拟信号输入,ATVIIIIXCVI.控制的核将使单片机复位.心成果的转化和加工业务,最终输出设备驱动程序的数目电压信号.数字电压表数字仪表是I.个很大的的核心和基础的数字电压表就像I.个连续的模拟直流电压到离散非连续数字形式显示,这是不同于传统百分表增加读数的方法避免错误的阅读和视觉疲劳.目前,数字万用表是I.个核心组成部分的内部A/D转换器,转换器,在很大程度上影响精度的准确性数字万用表的设计-数字电压表A/D转换器ADC0VIII0IV用于转换模拟信号输入,ATVIIIIXCVI.控制的核心成果的转化和加工业务,最终输出设备驱动程序的数目电压信号.可进行的LED显示屏将显示电压值的小数点后I.位.
采用新技术.新工艺,由LSI和VLSI构成的新型数字仪表及高档智能仪器的大量问世,标志着电子仪器领域的I.场革命,也开创了现代电子测量技术的先河.附件II:外文原文
digitalvoltagemeterBasedonsingle-chiptechnology
Microcontrollersareusedinamultitudeofcommercialapplicationssuchasmodems,motor-controlsystems,airconditionercontrolsystems,automotiveengineandamongothers.Thehighprocessingspeedandenhancedperipheralsetofthesemicrocontrollersmakethemsuitableforsuchhigh-speedevent-basedapplications.However,thesecriticalapplicationdomainsalsorequirethatthesemicrocontrollersarehighlyreliable.Thehighreliabilityandlowmarketriskscanbeensuredbyarobusttestingprocessandapropertoolsenvironmentforthevalidationofthesemicrocontrollersbothatthecomponentandatthesystemlevel.IntelPlaformEngineeringdepartmentdevelopedanobject-orientedmulti-threadedtestenvironmentforthevalidationofitsATVIIIIXCVI.automotivemicrocontrollers.ThegoalsofthisenvironmentwasnotonlytoprovidearobusttestingenvironmentfortheATVIIIIXCVI.automotivemicrocontrollers,buttodevelopanenvironmentwhichcanbeeasilyextendedandreusedforthevalidationofseveralotherfuturemicrocontrollers.TheenvironmentwasdevelopedinconjunctionwithMicrosoftFoundationClasses(ATVIIIIXCVI.).
Singlechipisanintegratedonasinglechipacompletecomputersystem.Eventhoughmostofhisfeaturesinasmallchip,butithasaneedtocompletethemajorityofcomputercomponents:CPU,memory,internalandexternalbussystem,mostwillhavetheCore.Atthesametime,suchasintegratedcommunicationinterfaces,timers,real-timeclockandotherperipheralequipment.Andnowthemostpowerfulsingle-chipmicrocomputersystemcanevenvoice,image,networking,inputandoutputcomplexsystemintegrationonasinglechip.
Alsoknownassingle-chipmicroprocessor,firstbecauseitwasusedinthefieldofindustrialcontrol.Onlybythesingle-chipCPUchipdevelopedfromthededicatedprocessor.ThedesignconceptisthefirstbyalargenumberofperipheralsandCPUinasinglechip,thecomputersystemsothatsmaller,moreeasilyintegratedintothecomplexanddemandingonthevolumecontroldevices.INTELtheZVIII0isoneofthefirstdesigninaccordancewiththeideaoftheprocessor,Fromthenon,theMCUandthedevelopmentofadedicatedprocessorpartedways.
Atpresent,single-chiptoinfiltrateallareasofourlives,whichisverydifficulttofindtheareaofalmostnotracesofsingle-chipmicrocomputer.Missilenavigationequipment,aircraftcontrolonavarietyofinstruments,computernetworkcommunicationsanddatatransmission,industrialautomation,real-timeprocesscontrolanddataprocessing,arewidelyusedinavarietyofsmartICcard,limousineciviliansecuritysystems,videorecorders,cameras,thecontrolofautomaticwashingmachines,aswellasprogram-controlledtoys,electronicpet,etc.,whichareinseparablefromthesingle-chipmicrocomputer.Nottomentionthefieldofrobotautomation,intelligentinstrumentation,medicalequipmenthasbeen.
Throughoutthedevelopmentprocessofsingle-chip,youcanindicatethedevelopmenttrendofsingle-chip,generallyare:
I..Oflow-powerCMOS
MCS-VI.seriesofVIII0IIII.introducedthepowerconsumptionofVIIII0mW,andnowwidespreadinthesingle-chipI.00mWorso,withthegrowingdemandforlow-powersingle-chip,andnowallthebasicsingle-chipmanufacturersareuseofCMOS(complementarymetaloxidesemiconductorprocess).AstheVIII0CVI.ontheuseofHMOS(highdensitymetaloxidesemiconductorprocess)andCHMOS(high-densitycomplementarymetaloxidesemiconductorprocess).AlthoughtheCMOSlowpowerconsumption,butbecauseofitsphysicalcharacteristicstodetermineitsspeedisnothighenough,andthenCHMOSwithhigh-speedandlowpowerconsumptioncharacteristicsofthesefeatures,itismoresuitableinlowpowerconsumption,asbattery-poweredapplications.Therefore,theprocessforsometimetocomewillbethemainwaytodevelopsingle-chipmicrocomputer.
II.Singal-chipofmicro-chip
Nowgenerallyinconventionalsingle-chipwillbethecentralprocessingunit(CPU),randomaccessdatastorage(RAM),read-onlyprogrammemory(ROM),parallelandserialcommunicationinterface,systeminterruption,timingcircuits,integratedcircuitclockinasinglechip,enhancedsingle-chipintegration,suchasA/Dconverter,PMW(pulsewidthmodulationcircuit),WDT(watchdog),andsomewillbesingle-chipLCD(LCD)driverintegratedcircuitsareinasinglechip,thisunitincludessingle-chipcircuitsonmoreandmorepowerfulfeatures.Evensingle-chipmanufacturerscanalsobetailoredinaccordancewiththerequirementsofusers,tocreateasinglechipwithitsownchipcharacteristics.
III.Mainstreamandmulti-speciescoexistence
Althoughawidevarietyofsingle-chip,unique,butstillsingle-chipmicrocomputerVIII0CVI.prevailingatthecore,compatiblewithitsstructureandcommandsystemofPHILIPSproducts,ATMELcompanysproductsandChinaTaiwansWinbondSeriessingle-chipmachine.Therefore,single-chipmicrocomputerasthecoreCVIII0VI.occupiedthehalf.MicrochipsPICandreducedinstructionset(RISC)hasastrongdevelopmentmomentumofChinaTaiwanHOLTEKsingle-chipcompaniesinrecentyears,increasingproduction,withitshighqualitylow-costadvantages,tooccupyacertainmarketshare.MOTOROLAadditiontothecompanysproducts,severallargecompaniesinJapansexclusivesingle-chipmicrocomputer.Acertainperiodoftime,thissituationwillcontinuetobeupheld,therewillnotbeasingle-chipmonopolydomination,takingthecomplementaryinterdependence,complementarityandcommondevelopment.
ATVIIIIXCVI.isaflickerwithIVKbytesEEPROM-programmablelow-voltage,high-performancedigitalmicroprocessorsCMOSVIII,commonlyknownassingle-chipmicrocomputer.ATVIIIIXCII0VI.isaflickerwithIIKbytesEEPROMprogrammablemicrocontroller.MCUEEPROMerasurecanberepeatedI.00times.ThedeviceATMELmanufacturehigh-densitynonvolatilememorytechnologywithindustry-standardMCS-VI.instructionsetandpincompatibleoutput.Owingtothemulti-purposeVIII-bitCPUandflashmemorychipsinasingleportfolio,ATMELsATVIIIIXCVI.microcontrollerisahighlyefficient,ATVIIIIXCII0VI.isastreamlinedversionofit.ATVIIIIXCsingle-chipembeddedcontrolsystemformanyprovidesaflexibleandinexpensiveprogram.
ATVIIIIXCVI.performance:
I..AndMCS-VI.compatible
II.IVKbytesofprogrammableFlashMemory
III.Lifeexpectancy:I.000write/wipecycle
IV.Dataretentiontime:I.0years
V.Staticworkofthewhole:0Hz-IIIVMHz
VI.Three-levelProgramMemoryLock
VII.I.IIVIII×VIII-bitinternalRAM
VIII.IIIIIProgrammableI/Olines
IX.TwoI.VI-bittimer/counter
I.0.VInterruptSources
I.I..ProgrammableSerialChannel
I.II.Low-poweridleandpower-downmode
I.III.Chiposcillatorandclockcircuitry
ReferredtoasdigitalvoltagemeterDVM,itisadigitalmeasurementtechnology,thecontinuousanalog(DCinputvoltage)intoanon-continuous,discretedigitalformandtheinstrumentdisplay.
Thecharacteristicsofdigitalvoltagemeter:
I..Showaclearintuitive,accuratereadings
Traditionalanalogueinstrumentsthroughtheuseofindicatorsmustbecarriedoutanddialreadingsinthereadingprocesswillbeintroducedtotheinevitablehumanerror.Digitalvoltagemeteristheuseofadvanceddigitaldisplaytechnology,sothatthemeasurementresultsataglance,aslongasthemeterjumpphenomenondoesnotoccur,themeasurementresultsisunique.
II.Showthatthemedian
ShowthatthemedianisusuallyIIII./II,IIIII/III,IIIIII/IV/spaces,IVI./II,IVIII/IV,VI./II,VII./II,VIII./II,VIIII./IIAtotalofIX.Determinethemediannumberofinstrumentstherearetwoprinciples:I..candisplayallthenumbers0toIXaretheinteger-bit;Score-bitnumericalvalueisbasedonthelargestshowthehighestnumberofelements,withthehighestnumberoffull-scaleasthedenominator.
III.Highaccuracy
Accuracyofresultsisameasureofsystematicerrorandrandomerroroftheintegrated.
IV.Highresolution
Digitalvoltagemeteratthelowestvoltagerangeonthebottomofacharacterrepresentedbythevoltagevalue,knownastheinstrumentoftheresolution,whichreflectsthelevelofinstrumentsensitivity.Withthedisplayresolutionincreasesthemedian.Resolutionreferstothesmallestcanbeshowninthefigures(exceptzero)andthelargestpercentageofthenumber.Forexample,IIII./IIDVMofaresolutionofI./I.IXIXIX≈0.0V%.Benotedthattheresolutionandaccuracyaretwodifferentconcepts.Fromthemeasurementpointofview,theresolutionis"true"indicators(withmeasurementerrorhasnothingtodo),theaccuracyisthe"real"target(onbehalfofthesizeofmeasurementerror).
V.Widemeasuringrange
DVMgenerallymoremeasurablerange0~I.000VDCvoltage,highvoltageprobecanbemeasuredwiththemillion-volthigh-pressure.
A/Dconverter[IV]isadigitalvoltagemeter,digitalmultimeterandmeasuringsystemthe"heart."Atpresent,domesticproductionofA/Dconverterhasreachedhundredsofspeciescanbebroadlydividedintofivemaincategories:I..monolithicA/Dconverter;II.DMMdedicatedsingle-chipIC;III.dedicatedmulti-displaymeterIC;IV.fordigitaltheuseofspecialinstrumentationIC(ASIC);V.othergeneral-purposeA/Dconverter,thechipcanonlycompleteA/Dconverter,notdirectlywiththenumberofinstruments.
DigitalvoltagemeterdigitalmeterisagreatcoreandfoundationofthedigitalvoltagemeterasacontinuousanalogDCvoltagetoadiscreteformofnon-sequentialnumbers,whichisdifferentfromtraditionaldialindicatorreadingstoincreasethewaystoavoiderrorsinreadingandvisualfatigue.Atpresent,thedigitalmultimeterisacorecomponentoftheinternalA/Dconverter,converter,toalargeextentaffecttheaccuracyoftheaccuracyofthedesignofdigitalmultimeter-DigitalVoltageMeterA/DconverterforconvertinganalogsignalsADC0VIII0IVinput,ATVIIIIXCVI.controlstheheartofthetransformationandprocessingtheresultsofoperations,thefinaloutputdevicedrivernumberofvoltagesignal.DigitalvoltagemeterdigitalmeterisagreatcoreandfoundationofthedigitalvoltagemeterasacontinuousanalogDCvoltagetoadiscreteformofnon-sequentialnumbers,whichisdifferentfromtraditionaldialindicatorreadingstoincreasethewaystoavoiderrorsinreadingandvisualfatigue.Atpresent,thedigitalmultimeterisacorecomponentoftheinternalA/Dconverter,converter,toalargeextentaffecttheaccuracyoftheaccuracyofthedesignofdigitalmultimeter-DigitalVoltageMeterA/DconverterforconvertinganalogsignalsADC0VIII0IVinput,ATVIIIIXCVI.controlstheheartofthetransformationandprocessingtheresultsofoperations,thefinaloutputdevicedrivernumberofvoltagesignal.LEDdisplaycanbecarriedoutwillbedisplayedafterthedecimalpointvoltagevalueofone.
Adoptionofnewtechnologies,newprocesses,fromLSIandVLSIconstituteanewtypeofdigitalinstrumentationandalargenumberofhigh-endsmartdevicesavailable,thefieldofelectronicdevicesmarkedarevolutionincreatingamodernpioneerofelectronicmeasurementtechnology.
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